Spiritual Intelligence as a Predictor of Psychological Capital Among International Students from Asian and African Backgrounds at Gujarat State Universities
摘要
International students often face various challenges, including language barriers, differences in education systems, cultural adjustments, and homesickness. This study aimed to explore how spiritual intelligence predicts psychological capital and its four dimensions: optimism, resilience, hope, and self-efficacy, while also examining differences across ethnic groups and genders. Data were collected from 200 international students from Gujarat state universities in India using the Self-Report Inventory for Spiritual Intelligence and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. The results showed that spiritual intelligence was significantly related to overall psychological capital and its dimensions, with the strongest association observed for optimism (r = .556, p = .001). Self-efficacy (r = .517, p = .001) and hope (r = 0.511, p = 0.001) also demonstrated robust relationships with spiritual intelligence. Resilience, while positively associated (r = .492, p = .001), demonstrated a relatively less robust relationship with spiritual intelligence. No significant differences in spiritual intelligence were observed between ethnic groups (p = .791) or genders (p = .066). However, ethnic group differences were identified in optimism, resilience, and hope (ANOVA results, p < .05), while no such differences were noted for self-efficacy. Additionally, males reported higher overall psychological capital compared to females (t = 2.15, p = .035). These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating spiritual intelligence into psycho-support programs to enhance resilience, optimism, hope, and self-efficacy, which are critical for effective adaptation and well-being among international students.