<p>Mangrove restoration is frequently advocated as a nature-based approach for climate mitigation, coastal defense, and sustainable development; however, its economic and social impacts- especially in terms of job quality, stability, and equity- are still not adequately compiled. This systematic review examines the relationships among job intensity and duration, gender involvement, funding mechanisms, benefit-sharing models, and environmental outcomes in the development of the green–blue economy. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 31 peer-reviewed research articles and institutional reports from 2000 to 2024 were examined. The findings show that mangrove restoration creates significant short-term jobs during planting phases. However, long-term job opportunities decline significantly without ongoing financial support. Models of hybrid finance that combine public funding, carbon markets, and ecosystem-service revenues lead to increased job stability and enhanced local economic advantages. Carbon sequestration typically ranges from 6 to 8 tCO₂e per hectare annually, but it is inconsistent and is frequently restricted. Women are primarily involved in nurseries and oversight, yet remain significantly underrepresented in leadership positions. To integrate these findings, the review introduces the innovative 3-C Model: Capability, Commons, and Capital as a conceptual framework linking skills and decent work, tenure and governance, and hybrid financing to equitable and lasting green–blue job outcomes. In conclusion, mangrove restoration can function as a multidimensional economic strategy only when ecological objectives are explicitly aligned with labor quality, inclusive governance, and sustainable finance. Embedding these principles into restoration design is essential for transforming short-term conservation employment into durable, inclusive green–blue economies.</p>

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Mangrove restoration advancing green–blue economy transition through employment creation, financing pathways, and sustainability outcomes

  • Teklu Gebretsadik,
  • Mário Paulo Falcão

摘要

Mangrove restoration is frequently advocated as a nature-based approach for climate mitigation, coastal defense, and sustainable development; however, its economic and social impacts- especially in terms of job quality, stability, and equity- are still not adequately compiled. This systematic review examines the relationships among job intensity and duration, gender involvement, funding mechanisms, benefit-sharing models, and environmental outcomes in the development of the green–blue economy. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 31 peer-reviewed research articles and institutional reports from 2000 to 2024 were examined. The findings show that mangrove restoration creates significant short-term jobs during planting phases. However, long-term job opportunities decline significantly without ongoing financial support. Models of hybrid finance that combine public funding, carbon markets, and ecosystem-service revenues lead to increased job stability and enhanced local economic advantages. Carbon sequestration typically ranges from 6 to 8 tCO₂e per hectare annually, but it is inconsistent and is frequently restricted. Women are primarily involved in nurseries and oversight, yet remain significantly underrepresented in leadership positions. To integrate these findings, the review introduces the innovative 3-C Model: Capability, Commons, and Capital as a conceptual framework linking skills and decent work, tenure and governance, and hybrid financing to equitable and lasting green–blue job outcomes. In conclusion, mangrove restoration can function as a multidimensional economic strategy only when ecological objectives are explicitly aligned with labor quality, inclusive governance, and sustainable finance. Embedding these principles into restoration design is essential for transforming short-term conservation employment into durable, inclusive green–blue economies.