<p>A directed set <i>P</i> is calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if every uncountable subset of <i>P</i> contains an infinite bounded subset. <i>P</i> is productively calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P \times Q\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for every directed set <i>Q</i> with calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <i>P</i> is powerfully calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if the countable power of <i>P</i> is calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. It is shown that (1) uncountable products are calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> only in highly restrictive circumstances, (2) many but not all <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\scriptstyle \sum }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mo>∑</mo> </mstyle> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-products of calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> directed sets are calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, (3) there are directed sets which are calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> but neither productively nor powerfully calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and (4) there are directed sets which are powerfully but not productively calibre <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\omega _1,\omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As an application, the position is established of <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11083_2025_9708_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum \omega ^{\omega _1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>∑</mo> <msup> <mi>ω</mi> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the Tukey order among Isbell’s classical 10 directed sets.</p>

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Products of Directed Sets with Calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\)

  • Paul Gartside,
  • Jeremiah Morgan

摘要

A directed set P is calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) if every uncountable subset of P contains an infinite bounded subset. P is productively calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) if \(P \times Q\) P × Q is calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) for every directed set Q with calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) , and P is powerfully calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) if the countable power of P is calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) . It is shown that (1) uncountable products are calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) only in highly restrictive circumstances, (2) many but not all \({\scriptstyle \sum }\) -products of calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) directed sets are calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) , (3) there are directed sets which are calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) but neither productively nor powerfully calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) , and (4) there are directed sets which are powerfully but not productively calibre \((\omega _1,\omega )\) ( ω 1 , ω ) . As an application, the position is established of \(\sum \omega ^{\omega _1}\) ω ω 1 in the Tukey order among Isbell’s classical 10 directed sets.