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<p>Accurate identification of animal milk is essential for maintaining food quality, preventing adulteration, and ensuring consumer safety in the dairy industry. This work reveals a decagonal hollow-core THz-PCF biosensor engineered to differentiate several kinds of animal milk, namely buffalo, cow, goat, and camel milk. The recommended structure’s sensing properties are numerically examined using the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics, specifically within the frequency interval of 1.5–2.5 THz. A parametric analysis is performed to ascertain the ideal sensing condition by altering the pitch parameter from 170&#xa0;μm to 270&#xa0;μm. An optimal operation frequency of 2 THz and a pitch of 220&#xa0;μm provide an ideal sensing capability. The relative sensitivities for buffalo, cow, goat, and camel milk are 98.28%, 98.19%, 98.12%, and 98.10%, respectively, when these parameters are met. The THz-PCF structure that was built also has very low CL and EML This helps keep the signal constant and the electromagnetic field strong in the sensing region. The strong electric-field localization in the analyte-filled hollow core makes it easier for the terahertz radiation to interact with the milk samples. This leads to higher sensing performance. When compared to earlier THz-PCF milk sensors, the device shown here has better sensitivity and balanced optical properties. The proposed biosensor could be a good way to quickly, label-free, and non-destructively check the quality of milk and other foods because it has a low transmission loss, high sensitivity, simple structure, and easy to make.</p>

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Structured-core THz-PCF biosensor: robust detection of multiple animal milk types

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Diponkar Kundu,
  • Rajkumar Biswas,
  • Anamika Rani,
  • A. H. M. Iftekharul Ferdous,
  • Md. Golam Sadeque,
  • Md. Galib Hasan,
  • Mohammad Istiaque Reja,
  • Sajad Ali

摘要

Accurate identification of animal milk is essential for maintaining food quality, preventing adulteration, and ensuring consumer safety in the dairy industry. This work reveals a decagonal hollow-core THz-PCF biosensor engineered to differentiate several kinds of animal milk, namely buffalo, cow, goat, and camel milk. The recommended structure’s sensing properties are numerically examined using the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics, specifically within the frequency interval of 1.5–2.5 THz. A parametric analysis is performed to ascertain the ideal sensing condition by altering the pitch parameter from 170 μm to 270 μm. An optimal operation frequency of 2 THz and a pitch of 220 μm provide an ideal sensing capability. The relative sensitivities for buffalo, cow, goat, and camel milk are 98.28%, 98.19%, 98.12%, and 98.10%, respectively, when these parameters are met. The THz-PCF structure that was built also has very low CL and EML This helps keep the signal constant and the electromagnetic field strong in the sensing region. The strong electric-field localization in the analyte-filled hollow core makes it easier for the terahertz radiation to interact with the milk samples. This leads to higher sensing performance. When compared to earlier THz-PCF milk sensors, the device shown here has better sensitivity and balanced optical properties. The proposed biosensor could be a good way to quickly, label-free, and non-destructively check the quality of milk and other foods because it has a low transmission loss, high sensitivity, simple structure, and easy to make.