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<p>The rapid proliferation of low-power indoor electronic systems and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices has intensified the demand for efficient indoor light energy harvesting technologies. However, conventional photovoltaic platforms, optimised for the solar AM1.5G spectrum, suffer from pronounced spectral mismatch and suboptimal power conversion efficiencies under low-irradiance indoor lighting conditions dominated by narrow-band light-emitting diodes and fluorescent sources. Metal halide perovskites have emerged as up-and-coming candidates for indoor photovoltaics due to their tunable band gaps, high open-circuit voltages, and exceptional defect tolerance. Nevertheless, the presence of toxic lead and the intrinsic instability of Pb-based perovskites under ambient conditions impose significant environmental, regulatory, and reliability constraints, impeding large-scale deployment in indoor environments. In response, extensive research efforts have been directed toward the development of lead-free perovskite materials, including tin-based perovskites, bismuth- and antimony-based perovskite derivatives, double perovskites, and low-dimensional hybrid architectures. This review critically examines recent advancements in these material systems, emphasising their optoelectronic properties, indoor power conversion efficiencies, open-circuit voltage behaviour, stability characteristics, and defect-mediated recombination mechanisms under low-light operation. Key challenges, such as oxidation-induced self-doping, indirect bandgap limitations, poor carrier transport, and interfacial losses, are systematically analysed alongside emerging mitigation strategies involving compositional engineering, dimensionality control, and device-level optimisation. Thus, the prospects of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics for powering next-generation self-sustained IoT nodes, wearable electronics, and smart sensor networks are discussed, highlighting critical research directions required to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale demonstrations and practical indoor energy harvesting applications.</p>

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Lead-free perovskite materials for efficient indoor light energy harvesting: recent advancements and future prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Namrata Baruah,
  • Soumya Rai,
  • Chhaya Ravi Kant

摘要

The rapid proliferation of low-power indoor electronic systems and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices has intensified the demand for efficient indoor light energy harvesting technologies. However, conventional photovoltaic platforms, optimised for the solar AM1.5G spectrum, suffer from pronounced spectral mismatch and suboptimal power conversion efficiencies under low-irradiance indoor lighting conditions dominated by narrow-band light-emitting diodes and fluorescent sources. Metal halide perovskites have emerged as up-and-coming candidates for indoor photovoltaics due to their tunable band gaps, high open-circuit voltages, and exceptional defect tolerance. Nevertheless, the presence of toxic lead and the intrinsic instability of Pb-based perovskites under ambient conditions impose significant environmental, regulatory, and reliability constraints, impeding large-scale deployment in indoor environments. In response, extensive research efforts have been directed toward the development of lead-free perovskite materials, including tin-based perovskites, bismuth- and antimony-based perovskite derivatives, double perovskites, and low-dimensional hybrid architectures. This review critically examines recent advancements in these material systems, emphasising their optoelectronic properties, indoor power conversion efficiencies, open-circuit voltage behaviour, stability characteristics, and defect-mediated recombination mechanisms under low-light operation. Key challenges, such as oxidation-induced self-doping, indirect bandgap limitations, poor carrier transport, and interfacial losses, are systematically analysed alongside emerging mitigation strategies involving compositional engineering, dimensionality control, and device-level optimisation. Thus, the prospects of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics for powering next-generation self-sustained IoT nodes, wearable electronics, and smart sensor networks are discussed, highlighting critical research directions required to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale demonstrations and practical indoor energy harvesting applications.