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<p>The demand for reliable gas detection technologies has intensified due to growing concerns over environmental monitoring and industrial safety. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a non-polar inert gas widely used in industrial processes, requires rapid and sensitive detection. In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were fabricated via a sol–gel drop-casting approach and integrated onto D-shaped optical fibers for room-temperature CO₂ sensing across the visible wavelength range of 450–850&#xa0;nm. The ZnO film thickness was controlled by repeated coatings, which improved film density and surface interaction, thereby enhancing the optical response. To further enhance plasmonic coupling and surface adsorption, a gold (Au) thin film was first deposited by e-beam evaporation and subsequently overcoated with ZnO, forming the Au–ZnO bilayer structure. To further strengthen plasmonic coupling and gas adsorption, a gold (Au) layer was incorporated to form Au–ZnO bilayer structures. Comparative analysis between ZnO-only and Au–ZnO-coated fibers revealed that the hybrid architecture significantly improved sensitivity and overall spectral response. The optimized Au: ZnO sensor achieved high linearity with R² values of 0.9771 at 550&#xa0;nm (3 layers, sensitivity: 0.00009 Abs/ppm, FOM: 167) and 0.9917 at 750&#xa0;nm (4 layers, sensitivity: 0.00006 Abs/ppm, FOM: 250), confirming improved sensitivity compared to ZnO alone. Overall, the study establishes Au–ZnO coated D-shaped optical fibers as a promising platform for compact, wavelength-tunable CO₂ sensing under ambient conditions, providing useful insights for future development of plasmonically enhanced gas sensors.</p>

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Layer-Dependent Au–ZnO nanocomposite films for enhanced CO₂ gas detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Nur Aina’a Mardhiah Zainuddin,
  • Zulzilawati Jusoh,
  • Mohamad Hafiz Mamat,
  • Sulaiman Wadi Harun,
  • Awang Amirul Zakry Awang Bujang,
  • Andre Franzen,
  • M. Hafizal Mad Zahir

摘要

The demand for reliable gas detection technologies has intensified due to growing concerns over environmental monitoring and industrial safety. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a non-polar inert gas widely used in industrial processes, requires rapid and sensitive detection. In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were fabricated via a sol–gel drop-casting approach and integrated onto D-shaped optical fibers for room-temperature CO₂ sensing across the visible wavelength range of 450–850 nm. The ZnO film thickness was controlled by repeated coatings, which improved film density and surface interaction, thereby enhancing the optical response. To further enhance plasmonic coupling and surface adsorption, a gold (Au) thin film was first deposited by e-beam evaporation and subsequently overcoated with ZnO, forming the Au–ZnO bilayer structure. To further strengthen plasmonic coupling and gas adsorption, a gold (Au) layer was incorporated to form Au–ZnO bilayer structures. Comparative analysis between ZnO-only and Au–ZnO-coated fibers revealed that the hybrid architecture significantly improved sensitivity and overall spectral response. The optimized Au: ZnO sensor achieved high linearity with R² values of 0.9771 at 550 nm (3 layers, sensitivity: 0.00009 Abs/ppm, FOM: 167) and 0.9917 at 750 nm (4 layers, sensitivity: 0.00006 Abs/ppm, FOM: 250), confirming improved sensitivity compared to ZnO alone. Overall, the study establishes Au–ZnO coated D-shaped optical fibers as a promising platform for compact, wavelength-tunable CO₂ sensing under ambient conditions, providing useful insights for future development of plasmonically enhanced gas sensors.