<p>As an optical elastic imaging technique, Brillouin scattering spectroscopy offers the significant advantages of being non-destructive, label-free, and non-contact, making it a powerful tool for characterizing material properties in materials science and biomedicine. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) spectroscopy, particularly when implemented with pump-probe technology, provides superior spatial resolution and faster image acquisition rates, enabling high-speed and high-precision extraction of material mechanical properties. This paper introduces the theoretical background of SBS spectroscopy and comprehensively analyzes key factors influencing its detection performance based on the pump-probe approach, including modulation-locking optical detection paths, pump-probe beam angle, effective interaction length, and temperature. Furthermore, the applications of this technique in characterizing both conventional dielectric materials and biomedical specimens are summarized. We systematically investigate the background, the basic principles, the spectroscopy detection structure, the influencing factors, and applications of SBS, which is intended to serve as a reference and guide for the optimization and application of SBS spectral detection.</p>