<p>A new design for a compact plasmonic temperature sensor utilizing a dual-groove microchannel photonic crystal fiber coated with silver and zinc oxide nanowires is proposed and successfully theoretically examined through comprehensive study.The proposed structure features upper and lower grooves filled with a temperature-dependent alcohol mixture consisting of ethanol and chloroform.The arrangement of air holes has been meticulously designed to create periodic variations in the refractive index, resulting in significant birefringence for achieving dual-polarization sensors.The silver-zinc oxide nanowires can not only prevent silver oxidation but also enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. Thus, two silver-zinc oxide nanowires were positioned vertically at the inner surfaces of the upper and lower grooves of the photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with the analyte under investigation.The filled silver-zinc oxide nanowires can sustain resonance peaks, which shift in response to temperature variations that alter the refractive indices of the mixture. It was revealed that the peak of resonance wavelength a is highly temperature sensing because its refractive index is similar to that of the photonic crystal fiber material. Therefore, the optimization of structural geometrical parameters to enhance sensor performance was accomplished through the integration of finite element method numerical analysis and wavelength interrogation techniques. Furthermore, dual polarization demonstrated improved efficacy across a range of parameters for sensing temperature. Since the suggested photonic crystal fiber sensor filled with a liquid mixture is considered exceptionally sensitive to a wide temperature range, the validation of the proposed sensor is verified through recorded values of 5.78 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8370_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="56" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$nm/^\circ C$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (5.26 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8370_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="56" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$nm/^\circ C$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) for Y-polarized light (X-polarized ) over a temperature range of -4 to 53 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8370_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^\circ C$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with the liquid mixture acting as the sensing medium.The suggested designed sensor in this study worked reliably across a wide temperature range, and its sensitivity is higher than what has been reported in other studies for similar temperature ranges.</p>

A dual-groove temperature sensor based on dual-polarized photonic crystal fiber with ZnO coated Ag nanowire

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发表日期：

2025年8月2日

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Riadh A. Kadhim,
Jafaar Mohammed Daif Alkhasraji

摘要

A new design for a compact plasmonic temperature sensor utilizing a dual-groove microchannel photonic crystal fiber coated with silver and zinc oxide nanowires is proposed and successfully theoretically examined through comprehensive study.The proposed structure features upper and lower grooves filled with a temperature-dependent alcohol mixture consisting of ethanol and chloroform.The arrangement of air holes has been meticulously designed to create periodic variations in the refractive index, resulting in significant birefringence for achieving dual-polarization sensors.The silver-zinc oxide nanowires can not only prevent silver oxidation but also enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. Thus, two silver-zinc oxide nanowires were positioned vertically at the inner surfaces of the upper and lower grooves of the photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with the analyte under investigation.The filled silver-zinc oxide nanowires can sustain resonance peaks, which shift in response to temperature variations that alter the refractive indices of the mixture. It was revealed that the peak of resonance wavelength a is highly temperature sensing because its refractive index is similar to that of the photonic crystal fiber material. Therefore, the optimization of structural geometrical parameters to enhance sensor performance was accomplished through the integration of finite element method numerical analysis and wavelength interrogation techniques. Furthermore, dual polarization demonstrated improved efficacy across a range of parameters for sensing temperature. Since the suggested photonic crystal fiber sensor filled with a liquid mixture is considered exceptionally sensitive to a wide temperature range, the validation of the proposed sensor is verified through recorded values of 5.78 $nm/^\circ C$ $n m /^{\circ} C$ (5.26 $nm/^\circ C$ $n m /^{\circ} C$ ) for Y-polarized light (X-polarized ) over a temperature range of -4 to 53 $^\circ C$ $^{\circ} C$ , with the liquid mixture acting as the sensing medium.The suggested designed sensor in this study worked reliably across a wide temperature range, and its sensitivity is higher than what has been reported in other studies for similar temperature ranges.