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<p>Perovskite solar cell have gained significant attention due to rapid efficiency advancement compared to silicon cells. However, their lower stability necessitates optimizing perovskite crystal parameters and constituent materials. This study aims to design and simulate the perovskite solar cell to achieve maximum efficiency. To this end, the most important parameters of the cell, including the energy level alignment of different layers relative to each other, the type of materials used in various layers, impurities and thicknesses of the perovskite layers, electron transport layer and hole transport layer have been studied and analyzed using SCAPS software. This study investigates the stability of perovskite solar cells against environmental humidity and the challenge of Sn<sup>2</sup>⁺ oxidation to Sn<sup>4</sup>⁺ by examining the density of defect states in the absorber layer and its interfaces with HTL and ETL layers. Additionally, the effects of radiation and operating temperature on cell performance are analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing cell efficiency. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the most significant factor for increasing efficiency is the energy level alignment of the electron and hole transport layers with the absorber layer. The proposed structure for the perovskite solar cell with maximum efficiency is presented as&#xa0;ITO/TiO₂/MASnBr₃/CuSCN/Ni. The output characteristics of proposed cell include an open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, and efficiency of&#xa0;1.183&#xa0;V,&#xa0;34.150&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>,&#xa0;89.19%, and&#xa0;36.05%, respectively.</p>

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy band engineering and cubic crystallinity: achieving 36% efficiency in lead-free MASnBr3 perovskite solar cells via SCAPS-guided optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月6日

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  • Mohammad Mirdoraghi,
  • Maryam Shakiba,
  • Marzieh Khademalrasool

摘要

Perovskite solar cell have gained significant attention due to rapid efficiency advancement compared to silicon cells. However, their lower stability necessitates optimizing perovskite crystal parameters and constituent materials. This study aims to design and simulate the perovskite solar cell to achieve maximum efficiency. To this end, the most important parameters of the cell, including the energy level alignment of different layers relative to each other, the type of materials used in various layers, impurities and thicknesses of the perovskite layers, electron transport layer and hole transport layer have been studied and analyzed using SCAPS software. This study investigates the stability of perovskite solar cells against environmental humidity and the challenge of Sn2⁺ oxidation to Sn4⁺ by examining the density of defect states in the absorber layer and its interfaces with HTL and ETL layers. Additionally, the effects of radiation and operating temperature on cell performance are analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing cell efficiency. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the most significant factor for increasing efficiency is the energy level alignment of the electron and hole transport layers with the absorber layer. The proposed structure for the perovskite solar cell with maximum efficiency is presented as ITO/TiO₂/MASnBr₃/CuSCN/Ni. The output characteristics of proposed cell include an open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, and efficiency of 1.183 V, 34.150 mA/cm2, 89.19%, and 36.05%, respectively.