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<p>This study presents a metasurface-based salinity sensor integrating MXene, copper, and graphene. The sensor design features a central square resonator surrounded by circular resonators and a square ring resonator, all mounted on a graphene-coated base with SiO₂ substrate. Performance analysis demonstrates sensitivity values ranging from 270 GHzRIU<sup>−1</sup> to 286 GHzRIU<sup>−1</sup> across refractive indices of 1.3325–1.3505, with figures of merit between 5.516 and 5.831 RIU⁻<sup>1</sup>. The sensor exhibits excellent linearity in frequency response to both refractive index (R<sup>2</sup> = 99.997%) and concentration (R<sup>2</sup> = 100%). Random Forest Regression modelling validates the sensor's performance, achieving R<sup>2</sup> values up to 95% for varying graphene chemical potentials. The design shows robust performance across different incident angles and resonator dimensions, maintaining consistent detection accuracy of 20.408 and measurement uncertainty of 0.001.</p>

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High-sensitivity MXene-copper-graphene metasurface for precision salinity sensing with machine learning optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月17日

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  • Jacob Wekalao,
  • Mika Sillanpää,
  • Saleh Al-Farraj,
  • J. Aravind Kumar

摘要

This study presents a metasurface-based salinity sensor integrating MXene, copper, and graphene. The sensor design features a central square resonator surrounded by circular resonators and a square ring resonator, all mounted on a graphene-coated base with SiO₂ substrate. Performance analysis demonstrates sensitivity values ranging from 270 GHzRIU−1 to 286 GHzRIU−1 across refractive indices of 1.3325–1.3505, with figures of merit between 5.516 and 5.831 RIU⁻1. The sensor exhibits excellent linearity in frequency response to both refractive index (R2 = 99.997%) and concentration (R2 = 100%). Random Forest Regression modelling validates the sensor's performance, achieving R2 values up to 95% for varying graphene chemical potentials. The design shows robust performance across different incident angles and resonator dimensions, maintaining consistent detection accuracy of 20.408 and measurement uncertainty of 0.001.