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<p>This paper presents an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguides, designed for operation across a wide wavelength range of 1–2&#xa0;μm. The MIM waveguides consist of SiO<sub>2</sub> dielectric strips sandwiched between layers of silver metal. The encoder incorporates a straight waveguide to detect the state of the In<sub>0</sub> input. Additionally, it includes one splitter and two combiners with outputs Out<sub>0</sub> and Out<sub>1</sub> for detecting the states of the In<sub>1</sub>, In<sub>2</sub>, and In<sub>3</sub> inputs. A key innovation in this work is the distance created between the splitter and combiners, which allows for tuning and improving the encoder output characteristics. The proposed encoder was simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method. It demonstrates a minimum extinction ratio of 11.65&#xa0;dB and a crosstalk level of − 15.65&#xa0;dB at a wavelength of 1550&#xa0;nm. The total footprint of the encoder is less than 8&#xa0;μm<sup>2</sup>. Our research indicates that a 4 × 2 encoder utilizing MIM waveguides has not been previously reported. Given its straightforward fabrication process, high extinction ratio, and low crosstalk, the suggested encoder is a promising candidate for a wide range of plasmonic communication and signal-processing applications.</p>

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Low crosstalk and high extinction ratio all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguides

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月26日

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  • Tang Qiaoling,
  • Mehdi Afshari-Bavil,
  • Mir Hamid Rezaei

摘要

This paper presents an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguides, designed for operation across a wide wavelength range of 1–2 μm. The MIM waveguides consist of SiO2 dielectric strips sandwiched between layers of silver metal. The encoder incorporates a straight waveguide to detect the state of the In0 input. Additionally, it includes one splitter and two combiners with outputs Out0 and Out1 for detecting the states of the In1, In2, and In3 inputs. A key innovation in this work is the distance created between the splitter and combiners, which allows for tuning and improving the encoder output characteristics. The proposed encoder was simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method. It demonstrates a minimum extinction ratio of 11.65 dB and a crosstalk level of − 15.65 dB at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The total footprint of the encoder is less than 8 μm2. Our research indicates that a 4 × 2 encoder utilizing MIM waveguides has not been previously reported. Given its straightforward fabrication process, high extinction ratio, and low crosstalk, the suggested encoder is a promising candidate for a wide range of plasmonic communication and signal-processing applications.