<p>A spiral-shaped photonic crystal fiber (SS-PCF) is described in this research report. Here, by using finer mesh, and finite element method (FEM), the fundamental properties of optical transmission, such as nonlinearity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\gamma\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), birefringence (Br), beat length (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{L}_{b}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), confinement loss (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{L}_{c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), numerical aperture (NA), effective mode area (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{A}_{eff}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) are derived for wavelength range from 0.1<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to 1.5 <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}.\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Separately employed as core materials, Gallium phosphide (GaP), Graphene, and tellurite exhibit greater performance than that of earlier works. Graphene provides the extremely high nonlinearity of 6.13 × <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{12}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> W<sup>− 1</sup>km<sup>− 1</sup>, GaP of 3.70 × <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{6}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> W<sup>− 1</sup>km<sup>− 1</sup> and tellurite of 3.28 × <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{5}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> W<sup>− 1</sup>km<sup>− 1</sup> at 0.1<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. To the best of our knowledge, an SS-PCF is the first to test the performance of numerous ceramic objects in optical nonlinear applications. In actuality, the structure’s evanescent fields aid in the modeling process and display a performance profile with an ultra-high Br of 0.33, an exceptionally high NA of 0.86, and an extremely low <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{L}_{c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 1.0 × <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11082_2025_8052_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="32" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{-5}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dBm<sup>− 1</sup>. All these results might be crucial in biological imaging, sensing, supercontinuum applications, polarization maintenance, optical parameter amplification, and additional nonlinear applications.</p>

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Evaluation of spiral-shaped photonic crystal fiber’s performance in nonlinear optical applications

  • Bipul Biswas,
  • Erik M. Vartiainen

摘要

A spiral-shaped photonic crystal fiber (SS-PCF) is described in this research report. Here, by using finer mesh, and finite element method (FEM), the fundamental properties of optical transmission, such as nonlinearity ( \(\:\gamma\:\) ), birefringence (Br), beat length ( \(\:{L}_{b}\) ), confinement loss ( \(\:{L}_{c}\) ), numerical aperture (NA), effective mode area ( \(\:{A}_{eff}\) ) are derived for wavelength range from 0.1 \(\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}\) to 1.5 \(\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}.\) Separately employed as core materials, Gallium phosphide (GaP), Graphene, and tellurite exhibit greater performance than that of earlier works. Graphene provides the extremely high nonlinearity of 6.13 × \(\:{10}^{12}\) W− 1km− 1, GaP of 3.70 × \(\:{10}^{6}\) W− 1km− 1 and tellurite of 3.28 × \(\:{10}^{5}\) W− 1km− 1 at 0.1 \(\:\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}\) . To the best of our knowledge, an SS-PCF is the first to test the performance of numerous ceramic objects in optical nonlinear applications. In actuality, the structure’s evanescent fields aid in the modeling process and display a performance profile with an ultra-high Br of 0.33, an exceptionally high NA of 0.86, and an extremely low \(\:{L}_{c}\) of 1.0 × \(\:{10}^{-5}\) dBm− 1. All these results might be crucial in biological imaging, sensing, supercontinuum applications, polarization maintenance, optical parameter amplification, and additional nonlinear applications.