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<p>The increasing exchange of visual data over digital platforms has amplified the need for highly secure and reproducible image encryption methods. This paper presents a novel encryption framework that combines one-dimensional non-uniform second-order reversible cellular automata with chaos-based permutation, all governed by a user-defined secret key. Unlike conventional batch-based methods that assign random parameters per image, the proposed scheme deterministically derives all transformation rules, whitening matrices, and chaotic parameters from the encryption key, ensuring both high security and bit-wise reproducible outputs under the reference implementation. Each color channel undergoes two encryption rounds involving key-dependent whitening, two RCA stages with pixel-wise adaptive reversible rules, and a Lorenz-driven permutation. This adaptive, key-centric architecture introduces complex, position-dependent transformations that enhance key sensitivity and cryptographic unpredictability. Across diverse images, the proposed scheme achieves near-ideal randomness and diffusion, with entropy of 7.9997 bits/pixel, adjacent-pixel correlations H/V/D of -0.00003/-0.00019/0.00097 , NPCR of 99.6069%, and a full pass of the NIST SP&#xa0;800-22 randomness battery on 100&#xa0;MB of cipher bitstreams. Compared to non-keyed batch-mode cellular automata-based methods, the proposed approach offers superior cryptographic strength, lossless invertibility, and robust protection for secure image transmission.</p>

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Non-uniform second-order reversible cellular automata with chaos-based permutation for lossless image encryption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • A. Kamatchi,
  • R. Arulprakasam

摘要

The increasing exchange of visual data over digital platforms has amplified the need for highly secure and reproducible image encryption methods. This paper presents a novel encryption framework that combines one-dimensional non-uniform second-order reversible cellular automata with chaos-based permutation, all governed by a user-defined secret key. Unlike conventional batch-based methods that assign random parameters per image, the proposed scheme deterministically derives all transformation rules, whitening matrices, and chaotic parameters from the encryption key, ensuring both high security and bit-wise reproducible outputs under the reference implementation. Each color channel undergoes two encryption rounds involving key-dependent whitening, two RCA stages with pixel-wise adaptive reversible rules, and a Lorenz-driven permutation. This adaptive, key-centric architecture introduces complex, position-dependent transformations that enhance key sensitivity and cryptographic unpredictability. Across diverse images, the proposed scheme achieves near-ideal randomness and diffusion, with entropy of 7.9997 bits/pixel, adjacent-pixel correlations H/V/D of -0.00003/-0.00019/0.00097 , NPCR of 99.6069%, and a full pass of the NIST SP 800-22 randomness battery on 100 MB of cipher bitstreams. Compared to non-keyed batch-mode cellular automata-based methods, the proposed approach offers superior cryptographic strength, lossless invertibility, and robust protection for secure image transmission.