Revisiting a 25-year database of tornado damage paths using the new International Fujita (IF) scale
摘要
Tornadoes are generally small and short-lived, making direct wind measurements scarce and complicating wind velocity estimation. To overcome this problem, tornado intensities have been rated indirectly using damage scales such as the Fujita (F) scale, the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale or the International Fujita (IF) scale, recently proposed by the European Severe Storms Laboratory. The IF-scale increases the number of applicable damage indicators outside of the United States compared to the F and EF scales, accounting for building sturdiness, tree characteristics, and frequently affected elements such as vehicles and outdoor furniture. This study applies the new IF-scale to the Catalonia tornado database (2000–2024, including 127 tornadoes) and selected historical events (1890–1999), using field surveys, photographs, press reports, and social media data. Rerating the 2000–2024 database revealed substantial adjustments for weak tornadoes: only 56% of EF0 events remained IF0–IF0.5, while many were upgraded, indicating greater uncertainty in previous EF ratings for weak tornadoes outside the United States. EF1 and stronger events showed only minor changes. Inland-formed tornadoes were generally stronger than waterspouts making landfall, and the strongest event during this period reached IF3. Historical analysis confirmed that peak IF ratings are mainly derived from roof and structural building damage, with the strongest historical tornado also rated as IF3. The work developed showed that some frequently damaged elements found in our database were not included in the IF-scale (e.g., garbage containers, light boats, and small prefabricated modules) and tree stand characteristics could be further refined. However, the IF-scale demonstrates substantial utility to assess tornado intensity in the records examined. Its application allows for more accurate, standardized, and regionally adapted tornado intensity classification, supporting both operational evaluation and climatological research.