<p>Emergency collaborative governance is a key component of a modernized disaster management system for a highly effective response to extreme weather natural disaster events, and improving the effectiveness of such governance can significantly accelerate disaster response and rescue speed. This study focuses on Sichuan Province, China, to explore pathways for improving the effectiveness of emergency collaborative governance for natural disasters under extreme weather. Based on Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), we examined the effects of multiple combinations of conditions on the effectiveness of emergency collaborative governance. The results show that key drivers such as legal support, subject coordination and resource integration play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of emergency response. By analyzing the three main configuration paths, we found that the combination of legal support and subject coordination presents varying marginal conditions in different contexts. Therefore, emergency management strategies, especially in terms of resource integration, event impact and information sharing, should be flexibly adapted to specific contexts. This study provides a scientific basis for the modernization of the disaster management system and strategic guidance for effective response to natural disaster events.</p>