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<p>This study explores the kinematic mechanisms of long-runout landslides, particularly how freeze-thaw cycles can stimulate their development. We hypothesize that the destruction of rock bridges results in a non-zero initial velocity in these landslides. Our experiments involved freezing granite specimens for over 48&#xa0;h and monitoring their sliding process under two distinct conditions: freeze-thaw sliding and free sliding. We recorded their vibration signals using a laser Doppler vibrometer and compared the initial velocity and vibration amplitude changes under both conditions. Through the analysis of vibration signals, we derived the fundamental inherent frequencies of the specimens and calculated their theoretical initial velocities. Our results show that the discontinuous dynamic behavior of the rock before collapse due to rock bridge damage makes the vibration amplitude of the experimental group at the moment of damage much larger than that of the comparative group, while the slip distance is about 3.67 times greater and the initial velocity is nearly twice that of the comparative group. In addition, the velocity loss of the experimental group was also smaller under the same collision conditions. As for the friction coefficient, it was found to be smaller in the experimental group. In an on-site monitoring case at Shenjiagou, the initiation velocity of the deformation reached 1.264&#xa0;m/s, effectively validating our hypothesis. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of the motion mechanism of long-runout landslides. The investigation into the initial velocity of such landslides could aid engineers in better assessing the potential extent of disaster caused by landslides.</p>

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Experimental study of ultra-high initial velocity of long-runout landslide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Yan Du,
  • Hongda Zhang,
  • Mowen Xie,
  • Yujing Jiang,
  • Santos Daniel Chicas,
  • Jingnan Liu

摘要

This study explores the kinematic mechanisms of long-runout landslides, particularly how freeze-thaw cycles can stimulate their development. We hypothesize that the destruction of rock bridges results in a non-zero initial velocity in these landslides. Our experiments involved freezing granite specimens for over 48 h and monitoring their sliding process under two distinct conditions: freeze-thaw sliding and free sliding. We recorded their vibration signals using a laser Doppler vibrometer and compared the initial velocity and vibration amplitude changes under both conditions. Through the analysis of vibration signals, we derived the fundamental inherent frequencies of the specimens and calculated their theoretical initial velocities. Our results show that the discontinuous dynamic behavior of the rock before collapse due to rock bridge damage makes the vibration amplitude of the experimental group at the moment of damage much larger than that of the comparative group, while the slip distance is about 3.67 times greater and the initial velocity is nearly twice that of the comparative group. In addition, the velocity loss of the experimental group was also smaller under the same collision conditions. As for the friction coefficient, it was found to be smaller in the experimental group. In an on-site monitoring case at Shenjiagou, the initiation velocity of the deformation reached 1.264 m/s, effectively validating our hypothesis. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of the motion mechanism of long-runout landslides. The investigation into the initial velocity of such landslides could aid engineers in better assessing the potential extent of disaster caused by landslides.