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<p><?tk 4?>Long-term aquifer depletion in many regions has been mitigated through artificial recharge and strict extraction control, leading to notable groundwater recovery. However, the resulting ground rebound and its effects on underground infrastructure remain poorly understood. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolution of groundwater rise and ground deformation in Tianjin from 2015 to 2023 was investigated using SBAS-InSAR monitoring and hydrogeological observations, with a particular focus on metro tunnel response. The results show that groundwater levels in the main extraction aquifer (Aquifer III) shifted from a decline of − 1.71&#xa0;m/year (2015–2019) to a rise of + 1.42&#xa0;m/year after 2019, with local recovery rates reaching + 8.54&#xa0;m/year. Similarly, ground deformation transitioned from subsidence (–27.13&#xa0;mm/year) to rebound (+ 6.4&#xa0;mm/year), peaking at + 19.25&#xa0;mm/year in the central urban area. A clear hysteresis effect was observed, with ground rebound delay behind groundwater rise due to the slow pore pressure response of the aquitards. Linear fitting revealed that there is a strong correlation between the groundwater rise along the metro lines and ground deformation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.78). Groundwater level rise may potentially induce a series of effects on tunnels, including uplift due to buoyancy, leakage through joints, and differential deformation caused by uneven rebound and soil liquefaction. The results of this study can serve as an important reference for understanding, predicting, and managing groundwater-induced ground rebound and associated disasters, thereby contributing to the safe operation of urban metros.</p>

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Land uplift induced by groundwater rise in thick deep soft clay strata and its impact on metro tunnels: a case study from Tianjin in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Jinchen Yang,
  • Huaina Wu,
  • Xinxin Yang,
  • Suhua Zhou,
  • Desai Guo,
  • Renpeng Chen

摘要

Long-term aquifer depletion in many regions has been mitigated through artificial recharge and strict extraction control, leading to notable groundwater recovery. However, the resulting ground rebound and its effects on underground infrastructure remain poorly understood. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolution of groundwater rise and ground deformation in Tianjin from 2015 to 2023 was investigated using SBAS-InSAR monitoring and hydrogeological observations, with a particular focus on metro tunnel response. The results show that groundwater levels in the main extraction aquifer (Aquifer III) shifted from a decline of − 1.71 m/year (2015–2019) to a rise of + 1.42 m/year after 2019, with local recovery rates reaching + 8.54 m/year. Similarly, ground deformation transitioned from subsidence (–27.13 mm/year) to rebound (+ 6.4 mm/year), peaking at + 19.25 mm/year in the central urban area. A clear hysteresis effect was observed, with ground rebound delay behind groundwater rise due to the slow pore pressure response of the aquitards. Linear fitting revealed that there is a strong correlation between the groundwater rise along the metro lines and ground deformation (R2 = 0.78). Groundwater level rise may potentially induce a series of effects on tunnels, including uplift due to buoyancy, leakage through joints, and differential deformation caused by uneven rebound and soil liquefaction. The results of this study can serve as an important reference for understanding, predicting, and managing groundwater-induced ground rebound and associated disasters, thereby contributing to the safe operation of urban metros.