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<p>Tsunamis generate strong hydrodynamic forces that threaten coastal regions, highlighting the need for effective mitigation strategies. Coastal vegetation plays a crucial role in mitigating tsunami-induced hydrodynamic forces by altering flow dynamics and enhancing energy dissipation. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling using the volume of fluid technique to numerically investigate the comparison and influence of submerged vegetation (SV) and emergent vegetation (EV) on tsunami-induced flow behavior under varying initial Froude numbers (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(F{r}_{o}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) i.e., 0.6, 0.65, and 0.7. Water surface variations were more pronounced in EV cases, with water level rise at the forest upstream being 23.7% to 53% higher than in SV due to increased drag resistance. The results revealed that EV exhibits superior energy and velocity reduction compared to SV, particularly at higher <i>Fr₀</i> values. EV dissipated up to 24.54% more energy than <i>SV</i> as <i>Fr₀</i> increased, with maximum energy loss reaching 43.3% at Fr₀ of 0.7<b>.</b> Velocity distribution analysis highlighted that EV consistently reduced flow velocity throughout the entire water column, whereas SV predominantly influenced near-bed velocity. The near-bed velocity in EV was 9.2% higher than in SV, indicating stronger near-bed resistance by SV. Additionally, EV experienced higher fluid forces (i.e., 3.45%-8.9% greater) at the forest downstream, as compared to those in SV, which raises the risk of damage and instability, making it less suitable for forest stability. In contrast, SV, with a lower Fluid Force Index (FFI), provides better structural resilience under extreme flow conditions. These findings suggest that while EV is more effective in reducing energy and mitigating tsunami currents, SV plays a critical role in near-bed flow regulation and velocity that can influence the bed shear stress and scouring. The study recommends both EV and SV arrangement for optimizing tsunami mitigation, where EV can be positioned in offshore or high-energy zones for maximum energy loss, while SV can be placed in nearshore regions to minimize erosion and stabilize sediments.</p>

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A comparative analysis of tsunami flow through emergent and submerged coastal vegetation using numerical simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Syed Muhammad Ahmad Bukhari,
  • Naveed Anjum,
  • Saad Abbas,
  • Adnan Shahid,
  • Abdul Basit Bukhari,
  • Ghufran Ahmed Pasha

摘要

Tsunamis generate strong hydrodynamic forces that threaten coastal regions, highlighting the need for effective mitigation strategies. Coastal vegetation plays a crucial role in mitigating tsunami-induced hydrodynamic forces by altering flow dynamics and enhancing energy dissipation. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling using the volume of fluid technique to numerically investigate the comparison and influence of submerged vegetation (SV) and emergent vegetation (EV) on tsunami-induced flow behavior under varying initial Froude numbers ( \(F{r}_{o}\) ) i.e., 0.6, 0.65, and 0.7. Water surface variations were more pronounced in EV cases, with water level rise at the forest upstream being 23.7% to 53% higher than in SV due to increased drag resistance. The results revealed that EV exhibits superior energy and velocity reduction compared to SV, particularly at higher Fr₀ values. EV dissipated up to 24.54% more energy than SV as Fr₀ increased, with maximum energy loss reaching 43.3% at Fr₀ of 0.7. Velocity distribution analysis highlighted that EV consistently reduced flow velocity throughout the entire water column, whereas SV predominantly influenced near-bed velocity. The near-bed velocity in EV was 9.2% higher than in SV, indicating stronger near-bed resistance by SV. Additionally, EV experienced higher fluid forces (i.e., 3.45%-8.9% greater) at the forest downstream, as compared to those in SV, which raises the risk of damage and instability, making it less suitable for forest stability. In contrast, SV, with a lower Fluid Force Index (FFI), provides better structural resilience under extreme flow conditions. These findings suggest that while EV is more effective in reducing energy and mitigating tsunami currents, SV plays a critical role in near-bed flow regulation and velocity that can influence the bed shear stress and scouring. The study recommends both EV and SV arrangement for optimizing tsunami mitigation, where EV can be positioned in offshore or high-energy zones for maximum energy loss, while SV can be placed in nearshore regions to minimize erosion and stabilize sediments.