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<p>Non-timber secondary metabolites in <i>Quercus variabilis</i> Blume are widespread, yet their spatial variation at management-relevant scales remains undercharacterized, which constrains their full utilization. We sampled cupules and soils from 45 natural stands of <i>Q. variabilis</i> across 17 provinces in China to quantify total phenolics and tannins and to relate their geographic variation to climate and edaphic factors. Total phenol concentrations ranged from 54.46&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW to 225.11&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW, tannins ranged from 43.99 mg GAE/g DW to 208.03&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW, revealing substantial spatial variation in cupule phenolic compounds, with both phenolics and tannins significantly higher in humid regions than in mesic or submesic regions. Structural equation models identified higher March temperature and higher March precipitation as the strongest positive correlates of phenolic accumulation, whereas higher soil pH was associated with reduced phenolic concentrations and available phosphorus exhibited only a weak positive relationship. Spring metrics exerted greater influence than annual climate means, indicating a spring developmental window during which defensive metabolism is particularly sensitive to hydrothermal conditions. Collectively, these results clarify how climate and soil factors shape the geographic patterning of cupule phenolics and tannins in <i>Q. variabilis</i>, highlighting humid regions as priority targets for cupule tannin utilization, and providing explicit criteria for afforestation material selection and climate-resilient forest cultivation based on spring climate sensitivity and soil pH constraints.</p>

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Spring climate and soil acidity shape geographic variation of cupule phenolics and tannins in Quercus variabilis across natural stands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Fei Gao,
  • Kexuan Xu,
  • Qinsong Yang,
  • Jiaxi Wang,
  • Ignacio Morales-Castilla,
  • Yong Liu,
  • Yuyan Zhang,
  • Guolei Li

摘要

Non-timber secondary metabolites in Quercus variabilis Blume are widespread, yet their spatial variation at management-relevant scales remains undercharacterized, which constrains their full utilization. We sampled cupules and soils from 45 natural stands of Q. variabilis across 17 provinces in China to quantify total phenolics and tannins and to relate their geographic variation to climate and edaphic factors. Total phenol concentrations ranged from 54.46 mg GAE/g DW to 225.11 mg GAE/g DW, tannins ranged from 43.99 mg GAE/g DW to 208.03 mg GAE/g DW, revealing substantial spatial variation in cupule phenolic compounds, with both phenolics and tannins significantly higher in humid regions than in mesic or submesic regions. Structural equation models identified higher March temperature and higher March precipitation as the strongest positive correlates of phenolic accumulation, whereas higher soil pH was associated with reduced phenolic concentrations and available phosphorus exhibited only a weak positive relationship. Spring metrics exerted greater influence than annual climate means, indicating a spring developmental window during which defensive metabolism is particularly sensitive to hydrothermal conditions. Collectively, these results clarify how climate and soil factors shape the geographic patterning of cupule phenolics and tannins in Q. variabilis, highlighting humid regions as priority targets for cupule tannin utilization, and providing explicit criteria for afforestation material selection and climate-resilient forest cultivation based on spring climate sensitivity and soil pH constraints.