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<p><i>Camellia oleifera</i> is typically grown in China’s hilly and mountainous regions at elevations of 100 to 800&#xa0;m, with limited distribution in high-altitude areas due to climatic conditions that exceed its ecological tolerance. However, a natural population of wild <i>C. oleifera</i> was discovered at an elevation of 1998&#xa0;m in northwestern Guizhou, where it flowers and fruits normally. This finding challenges the conventional understanding of <i>C. oleifera</i>’s distribution range. To better understand the adaptability of wild <i>C. oleifera</i> in this region, the study utilized 56 wild germplasms from northwest Guizhou’s high-altitude regions, assessing five phenotypic traits and twelve quality traits through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis grouped the 56 germplasms into three clusters, comprising 51, 1, and 4 samples, respectively. PCA identified five principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.06%. PC1 (eigenvalue 6.42, contribution 27.90%) primarily reflected fruit size and certain quality traits. PC2 (eigenvalue 3.92, contribution 17.06%) was mainly associated with fatty acid composition and seed processing characteristics. PC3 (eigenvalue 2.80, contribution 12.19%) highlighted fruit morphology and seed yield. PC4 (eigenvalue 2.47, contribution 10.73%) reinforced seed processing and fatty acid composition traits. PC5 (eigenvalue 1.42) indicated phenotypic characteristics of the fruits. Based on the comprehensive evaluation, five key traits—fruit diameter, linoleic acid content, single fruit weight, dry kernel yield, and fruit shape index—emerged as indicators for selecting superior germplasm from high-altitude regions. Ten outstanding germplasms were identified: WP33 &gt; WP51 &gt; WP02 &gt; WP10 &gt; WP50 &gt; WP03 &gt; WP07 &gt; WP39 &gt; WP36 &gt; WP54. These results highlight high-altitude-adapted germplasm, offering essential parental resources for expanding <i>C. oleifera</i> cultivation, developing superior varieties, preserving genetic diversity, and addressing climate change challenges.</p>

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Analysis and evaluation of fruit traits of wild Camellia oleifera germplasm in the high-altitude region of Northwest Guizhou, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Dongchan Sun,
  • Chao Gao,
  • Qiling Song,
  • Xianqin Wan,
  • Qimei Wang,
  • Yanmei Nie,
  • Luwei Zheng,
  • Jiaying Li,
  • Xiong Yang

摘要

Camellia oleifera is typically grown in China’s hilly and mountainous regions at elevations of 100 to 800 m, with limited distribution in high-altitude areas due to climatic conditions that exceed its ecological tolerance. However, a natural population of wild C. oleifera was discovered at an elevation of 1998 m in northwestern Guizhou, where it flowers and fruits normally. This finding challenges the conventional understanding of C. oleifera’s distribution range. To better understand the adaptability of wild C. oleifera in this region, the study utilized 56 wild germplasms from northwest Guizhou’s high-altitude regions, assessing five phenotypic traits and twelve quality traits through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis grouped the 56 germplasms into three clusters, comprising 51, 1, and 4 samples, respectively. PCA identified five principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.06%. PC1 (eigenvalue 6.42, contribution 27.90%) primarily reflected fruit size and certain quality traits. PC2 (eigenvalue 3.92, contribution 17.06%) was mainly associated with fatty acid composition and seed processing characteristics. PC3 (eigenvalue 2.80, contribution 12.19%) highlighted fruit morphology and seed yield. PC4 (eigenvalue 2.47, contribution 10.73%) reinforced seed processing and fatty acid composition traits. PC5 (eigenvalue 1.42) indicated phenotypic characteristics of the fruits. Based on the comprehensive evaluation, five key traits—fruit diameter, linoleic acid content, single fruit weight, dry kernel yield, and fruit shape index—emerged as indicators for selecting superior germplasm from high-altitude regions. Ten outstanding germplasms were identified: WP33 > WP51 > WP02 > WP10 > WP50 > WP03 > WP07 > WP39 > WP36 > WP54. These results highlight high-altitude-adapted germplasm, offering essential parental resources for expanding C. oleifera cultivation, developing superior varieties, preserving genetic diversity, and addressing climate change challenges.