<p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe, disabling syndrome induced by extreme negative impacts on the human mind. Symptoms of this disorder generally do not appear in all stressed people and appear after some indeterminate period of time rather than immediately. The disorder is caused by central genetic, epigenetic, and neurobiological determinants, integrated into the basis of the social and natural-anthropogenic context. Pathological reactions from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, sympathoadrenal, and immune systems have been shown to develop simultaneously. This review addresses the state of the main biogenic and amino acid neurotransmitters of the central nervous system in PTSD. Research attention is currently focused on peptide hormones such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuropeptide Y, and leptin, which can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD. Analysis of the literature led to the conclusion that very little is known about the characteristics of stress resistance in humans and animals.</p>