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<p>Marine sand, a critical resource for infrastructure development, serves as an energy guarantee in construction from an economic perspective. The coastal areas surrounding Hainan Island are rich in marine sand resources, providing abundant aggregate materials for foundational projects. In this study, marine sand resource development sites around Hainan Island were evaluated in terms of four dimensions: sand quality, resource scale, extraction difficulty, and environmental impact. Eight influencing factors were selected: gravel sand content, mean grain size, sorting coefficient, area with gravel sand content exceeding 50%, water depth, geological hazard, offshore distance, and chlorophyll-a concentration. Analytical methods, including K-means clustering, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), an entropy weight method (EWM), natural breaks classification, and the proposed combined weight model, were employed to classify the study area into five zones: priority, subpriority, moderate, poor, and very poor zones. The results indicate that the Qiongzhou Strait and the eastern part of the study area have the greatest development potential. The Qiongzhou Strait block covers an area of 5700 km<sup>2</sup> with an approximate thickness of 15&#xa0;m. Preliminary estimates suggest that marine sand resources in this area amount to approximately 85.5 billion cubic meters, featuring vast reserves and low-cost extraction, making it the priority block. The eastern part of the study area is approximately 9300 km<sup>2</sup> and has a thickness of approximately 20&#xa0;m. Preliminary estimates indicate that the marine sand resources here amount to approximately 186 billion cubic meters. While these reserves are immense and the greater distance from the shoreline implies less environmental impact, the greater water depth leads to higher extraction costs, positioning this area as a secondary choice. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed combined EWM–AHP model performs best for marine sand resource exploration and development site selection. In this work, 16 positive evaluation factors promoting the formation of target zones and 29 negative evaluation factors inhibiting them are identified. Among these factors, the gravel sand content (78.57–97.69%) is the primary factor promoting target zone formation, whereas the chlorophyll-a concentration (190.5–484.84&#xa0;mg/m<sup>3</sup>) is the primary factor inhibiting target zone formation. A hierarchical classification of these factors was conducted as well. The findings and methodology of this study can provide a reference for large-scale marine sand resource exploration and development and offer insights into method selection in similar marine resource assessment projects.</p>

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Exploration and Development Site Selection of Marine Sand Resources Around Hainan Island, China: An Integrated Analysis Based on a Combination of Subjective and Objective Weights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Maogang Qin,
  • Changliang Tong,
  • Mingzhi Lin,
  • Bo Chen,
  • Jialin Wang,
  • Jun Zhu,
  • Mingkun Lin,
  • Yu Zhu,
  • Xing Huang

摘要

Marine sand, a critical resource for infrastructure development, serves as an energy guarantee in construction from an economic perspective. The coastal areas surrounding Hainan Island are rich in marine sand resources, providing abundant aggregate materials for foundational projects. In this study, marine sand resource development sites around Hainan Island were evaluated in terms of four dimensions: sand quality, resource scale, extraction difficulty, and environmental impact. Eight influencing factors were selected: gravel sand content, mean grain size, sorting coefficient, area with gravel sand content exceeding 50%, water depth, geological hazard, offshore distance, and chlorophyll-a concentration. Analytical methods, including K-means clustering, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), an entropy weight method (EWM), natural breaks classification, and the proposed combined weight model, were employed to classify the study area into five zones: priority, subpriority, moderate, poor, and very poor zones. The results indicate that the Qiongzhou Strait and the eastern part of the study area have the greatest development potential. The Qiongzhou Strait block covers an area of 5700 km2 with an approximate thickness of 15 m. Preliminary estimates suggest that marine sand resources in this area amount to approximately 85.5 billion cubic meters, featuring vast reserves and low-cost extraction, making it the priority block. The eastern part of the study area is approximately 9300 km2 and has a thickness of approximately 20 m. Preliminary estimates indicate that the marine sand resources here amount to approximately 186 billion cubic meters. While these reserves are immense and the greater distance from the shoreline implies less environmental impact, the greater water depth leads to higher extraction costs, positioning this area as a secondary choice. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed combined EWM–AHP model performs best for marine sand resource exploration and development site selection. In this work, 16 positive evaluation factors promoting the formation of target zones and 29 negative evaluation factors inhibiting them are identified. Among these factors, the gravel sand content (78.57–97.69%) is the primary factor promoting target zone formation, whereas the chlorophyll-a concentration (190.5–484.84 mg/m3) is the primary factor inhibiting target zone formation. A hierarchical classification of these factors was conducted as well. The findings and methodology of this study can provide a reference for large-scale marine sand resource exploration and development and offer insights into method selection in similar marine resource assessment projects.