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<p>Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant global health challenge, undermining the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and driving the need for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with antibiotics represent promising drug-delivery platforms due to their ability to improve intracellular delivery, enable controlled release, facilitate superior biofilm penetration, and enhance antibiotic stability. These properties collectively increase antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of antibiotic-loaded gold (Au), silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron (Fe)-based NPs, focusing on antibiotic-loading approaches, release profiles, antibacterial mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes, biosafety and translational prospects. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the composition and surface modification of NPs significantly influence drug-loading capacity, release kinetics, antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility. Ag and ZnO- NPs based systems typically demonstrate strong intrinsic antibacterial effects via ion release, membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while Au and Fe-based nanocarriers offer enhanced biocompatibility, precise drug delivery and greater adaptability for surface modification. Recent research highlights improved antibacterial activity against clinically relevant MDR pathogens including methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, along with superior antibiofilm efficacy. This review also addresses key challenges related to pharmacokinetics, long-term biosafety, manufacturing consistency, regulatory pathways and clinical translation. Collectively, current evidence suggests that the advancement of metallic nanoantibiotics relies on the integrated optimization of nanoparticle composition, surface properties, drug-loading strategies and biosafety considerations. Progress in surface engineering, multifunctional nanocarriers, standardized assessment protocols and clinically relevant preclinical models is anticipated to accelerate the clinical translation of antibiotic-loaded metallic NPs for effective antimicrobial therapy.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Unveiling the nanomedicinal potential of antibiotic-loaded metallic nanoparticles against antimicrobial resistance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Muhammad Tahir Saleh,
  • Amjad Hussain,
  • Faisal Attique,
  • Naveed Ahmad,
  • Kainat Atiq,
  • Muhammad Khan,
  • Shujahat Anwar,
  • Muhammad Naeem Tabassam

摘要

Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant global health challenge, undermining the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and driving the need for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with antibiotics represent promising drug-delivery platforms due to their ability to improve intracellular delivery, enable controlled release, facilitate superior biofilm penetration, and enhance antibiotic stability. These properties collectively increase antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of antibiotic-loaded gold (Au), silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron (Fe)-based NPs, focusing on antibiotic-loading approaches, release profiles, antibacterial mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes, biosafety and translational prospects. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the composition and surface modification of NPs significantly influence drug-loading capacity, release kinetics, antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility. Ag and ZnO- NPs based systems typically demonstrate strong intrinsic antibacterial effects via ion release, membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while Au and Fe-based nanocarriers offer enhanced biocompatibility, precise drug delivery and greater adaptability for surface modification. Recent research highlights improved antibacterial activity against clinically relevant MDR pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, along with superior antibiofilm efficacy. This review also addresses key challenges related to pharmacokinetics, long-term biosafety, manufacturing consistency, regulatory pathways and clinical translation. Collectively, current evidence suggests that the advancement of metallic nanoantibiotics relies on the integrated optimization of nanoparticle composition, surface properties, drug-loading strategies and biosafety considerations. Progress in surface engineering, multifunctional nanocarriers, standardized assessment protocols and clinically relevant preclinical models is anticipated to accelerate the clinical translation of antibiotic-loaded metallic NPs for effective antimicrobial therapy.

Graphical abstract