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<p>Spinel Zn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Mn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with siloxane-core poly(amidoamine) dendrons of different generations (<b>D-PAMAM G</b><sub><b>0.5</b></sub>,<b> G</b><sub><b>1.0</b></sub>, and<b> G</b><sub><b>1.5</b></sub>) to modulate their surface chemistry and biological response. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the cubic spinel ferrite phase, while transmission electron microscopy showed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9.89&#xa0;nm. SQUID magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic-like behavior at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 9.5 emu g<sup>−1</sup>, low remanence magnetization of 0.078 emu g<sup>−1</sup>, and coercivity of 7.1 Oe. Successful dendron functionalization was supported by FT-IR, NMR, UV-vis, zeta potential, and thermogravimetric analyses. TGA showed organic weight losses of 17, 19, and 18% for <b>MNPs@D-PAMAM G</b><sub><b>0.5</b></sub>,<b> G</b><sub><b>1.0</b></sub>, and<b> G</b><sub><b>1.5</b></sub>, respectively. Zeta potential measurements further confirmed the expected alternation of surface charge according to the dendron termini, from negative values for ester-terminated <b>G</b><sub><b>0.5</b></sub> and <b>G</b><sub><b>1.5</b></sub> to a positive value for amine-terminated <b>G</b><sub><b>1.0</b></sub>. Preliminary cytotoxicity assessment using <i>Tetrahymena pyriformis</i> revealed generation-dependent effects, with <b>D-PAMAM G</b><sub><b>0.5</b></sub> and <b>G</b><sub><b>1.0</b></sub> showing negligible or slightly stimulatory effects on growth, whereas <b>D-PAMAM G</b><sub><b>1.5</b></sub> induced stronger inhibition at higher concentrations. Overall, these results demonstrate the successful preparation of D-PAMAM-functionalized Zn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Mn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles with tunable surface charge, controlled organic loading, and relevant magnetic properties for future biomedical investigations.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Siloxane-core PAMAM dendron–functionalized Zn1−xMnxFe2O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Mehdi Ech-chariy,
  • Omar Alami,
  • Salma Benkirane,
  • Ikram Boulahya,
  • Adnane Moutaouakkil,
  • Ahmed Moussaif,
  • Nabil El Brahmi,
  • Mohammed Benaissa,
  • Saïd El Kazzouli

摘要

Spinel Zn1−xMnxFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with siloxane-core poly(amidoamine) dendrons of different generations (D-PAMAM G0.5, G1.0, and G1.5) to modulate their surface chemistry and biological response. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the cubic spinel ferrite phase, while transmission electron microscopy showed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9.89 nm. SQUID magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic-like behavior at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 9.5 emu g−1, low remanence magnetization of 0.078 emu g−1, and coercivity of 7.1 Oe. Successful dendron functionalization was supported by FT-IR, NMR, UV-vis, zeta potential, and thermogravimetric analyses. TGA showed organic weight losses of 17, 19, and 18% for MNPs@D-PAMAM G0.5, G1.0, and G1.5, respectively. Zeta potential measurements further confirmed the expected alternation of surface charge according to the dendron termini, from negative values for ester-terminated G0.5 and G1.5 to a positive value for amine-terminated G1.0. Preliminary cytotoxicity assessment using Tetrahymena pyriformis revealed generation-dependent effects, with D-PAMAM G0.5 and G1.0 showing negligible or slightly stimulatory effects on growth, whereas D-PAMAM G1.5 induced stronger inhibition at higher concentrations. Overall, these results demonstrate the successful preparation of D-PAMAM-functionalized Zn1−xMnxFe2O4 nanoparticles with tunable surface charge, controlled organic loading, and relevant magnetic properties for future biomedical investigations.

Graphical abstract