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<p>Malaria remains a critical global health challenge, particularly in resource-limited regions where conventional blood–based diagnostic methods are invasive, time-consuming, and need trained personnel. In recent years, non-invasive detection through exhaled breath analysis has emerged as a promising alternative, as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as limonene, α-pinene, 3-carene, and m-cymene serve as potential biomarkers of malaria infection. In this study, a hybrid nanocomposite comprising polyaniline (PANI), tungsten trioxide (WO₃), and graphene was synthesized through in situ chemical polymerization and employed as an active sensing layer for exhaled breath–based malaria detection. The mutually enhancing combination of PANI’s high electrical conductivity, WO₃’s strong gas-sensing affinity, and graphene’s large surface area and charge transport efficiency significantly improved the sensor’s performance. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity toward malaria biomarker VOCs such as limonene, α-pinene, 3-carene, and m-cymene with a detection limit as low as 0.1&#xa0;ppm and a maximum sensitivity of 62.27% at 5&#xa0;ppm. High selectivity was demonstrated, with only minimal responses observed for common breath VOCs including acetone, methanol, and ethanol. The sensor further demonstrated fast response and recovery times, excellent reproducibility across repeated test cycles, and sustained long-term stability under ambient conditions. Validation in real clinical environments demonstrated selective detection of malaria-infected samples, with complete absence of cross-response to dengue or leptospirosis. These results indicate that the polyaniline/WO₃/graphene nanocomposite sensor offers a robust, low-cost, and portable platform for real-time, non-invasive malaria diagnosis via exhaled breath analysis.</p>

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Polyaniline/WO3/graphene nanocomposite–based chemi-resistive sensor for malaria detection from exhaled breath

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • M. S. Suma,
  • P. Jisha,
  • V. Saisha,
  • M. Keerthana

摘要

Malaria remains a critical global health challenge, particularly in resource-limited regions where conventional blood–based diagnostic methods are invasive, time-consuming, and need trained personnel. In recent years, non-invasive detection through exhaled breath analysis has emerged as a promising alternative, as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as limonene, α-pinene, 3-carene, and m-cymene serve as potential biomarkers of malaria infection. In this study, a hybrid nanocomposite comprising polyaniline (PANI), tungsten trioxide (WO₃), and graphene was synthesized through in situ chemical polymerization and employed as an active sensing layer for exhaled breath–based malaria detection. The mutually enhancing combination of PANI’s high electrical conductivity, WO₃’s strong gas-sensing affinity, and graphene’s large surface area and charge transport efficiency significantly improved the sensor’s performance. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity toward malaria biomarker VOCs such as limonene, α-pinene, 3-carene, and m-cymene with a detection limit as low as 0.1 ppm and a maximum sensitivity of 62.27% at 5 ppm. High selectivity was demonstrated, with only minimal responses observed for common breath VOCs including acetone, methanol, and ethanol. The sensor further demonstrated fast response and recovery times, excellent reproducibility across repeated test cycles, and sustained long-term stability under ambient conditions. Validation in real clinical environments demonstrated selective detection of malaria-infected samples, with complete absence of cross-response to dengue or leptospirosis. These results indicate that the polyaniline/WO₃/graphene nanocomposite sensor offers a robust, low-cost, and portable platform for real-time, non-invasive malaria diagnosis via exhaled breath analysis.