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<p>High-speed shearing (HSS) was employed as an efficient strategy for the surface functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using Ti-based compounds to improve dispersion behavior and control photocatalytic performance. Compared with conventional magnetic stirring synthesis (MSS), HSS significantly enhanced coating efficiency and suppressed nanoparticle agglomeration, maintaining secondary aggregate sizes at approximately 50 nm, whereas MSS-treated samples formed dense aggregates of 150–250 nm. XPS analysis revealed that HSS achieved larger Ti 2p binding energy shifts with only 15 at.% Ti precursor, exceeding the modification efficiency of MSS at 30 at.%, corresponding to a 96.0% increase in coating efficiency at low precursor dosage. Dispersion evaluation using newly proposed quantitative metrics, including the limiting dispersion mass ratio (α) and transmittance per unit mass (T<sub>m</sub>), demonstrated that HSS-modified Ti-ZnO exhibited up to 220% improvement in dispersion performance at low coating concentrations. Moreover, HSS-modified Ti-ZnO exhibited a 19.98% reduction in photocatalytic activity at 15 at.% Ti loading, suggesting more effective surface passivation. This reduction in photocatalytic response serves as an indirect indicator of enhanced UV shielding capability, as suppressed photogenerated carrier activity reflects improved UV stability. These results highlight HSS as a rapid and scalable approach for achieving uniform surface modification, enhanced dispersion, and controlled photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles.</p>

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Rapid surface functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles with Ti-based compounds using high-speed shearing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Zixu Zeng,
  • Xiangyu Tian,
  • Qiang Gui,
  • Weisheng Zheng,
  • Zhenyu Wang,
  • Renquan Lv,
  • Xingwang Zhang

摘要

High-speed shearing (HSS) was employed as an efficient strategy for the surface functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using Ti-based compounds to improve dispersion behavior and control photocatalytic performance. Compared with conventional magnetic stirring synthesis (MSS), HSS significantly enhanced coating efficiency and suppressed nanoparticle agglomeration, maintaining secondary aggregate sizes at approximately 50 nm, whereas MSS-treated samples formed dense aggregates of 150–250 nm. XPS analysis revealed that HSS achieved larger Ti 2p binding energy shifts with only 15 at.% Ti precursor, exceeding the modification efficiency of MSS at 30 at.%, corresponding to a 96.0% increase in coating efficiency at low precursor dosage. Dispersion evaluation using newly proposed quantitative metrics, including the limiting dispersion mass ratio (α) and transmittance per unit mass (Tm), demonstrated that HSS-modified Ti-ZnO exhibited up to 220% improvement in dispersion performance at low coating concentrations. Moreover, HSS-modified Ti-ZnO exhibited a 19.98% reduction in photocatalytic activity at 15 at.% Ti loading, suggesting more effective surface passivation. This reduction in photocatalytic response serves as an indirect indicator of enhanced UV shielding capability, as suppressed photogenerated carrier activity reflects improved UV stability. These results highlight HSS as a rapid and scalable approach for achieving uniform surface modification, enhanced dispersion, and controlled photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles.