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<p>This study investigates the rate of degradation of Congo red (CR) dye by annealed (600&#xa0;°C) TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized using glycerol-assisted co-precipitation method with microwave irradiation. The as-prepared samples annealed at higher temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600&#xa0;°C) show well-defined diffraction peaks of the anatase phase confirmed by Rietveld refinement. Raman analysis confirms the presence of the anatase phase in the as-synthesized and annealed samples. TEM images reveal the polycrystalline nature, and EDAX analysis confirms the presence of titanium and oxygen in the annealed (600&#xa0;°C) sample. The annealed (600&#xa0;°C) TiO₂ NPs exhibit a high specific surface area 101 m<sup>2</sup>/g and an average pore size 60.8&#xa0;Å, indicating a mesoporous structure. The optical absorption edge of the as-prepared TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs redshifts with an increase in the annealing temperature, indicating a decrease in the band gap energy. The photocatalytic performance is evaluated as a function of catalyst dosage (10, 20, and 30&#xa0;mg), initial dye concentration (10, 20, and 30&#xa0;ppm), pH of the dye solution (5, 7, and 9), and irradiation time (120&#xa0;min) under UV exposure. The highest degradation efficiency 87% and COD removal efficiency 75% are achieved under optimum conditions- 30&#xa0;mg catalyst dosage, 10&#xa0;ppm dye concentration, and pH 5 at 120&#xa0;min of UV irradiation. Regression analysis is performed to assess the suitability and reliability of kinetic models for the CR degradation process. The CR removal efficiency remains at 85% after the third cycle, confirming the stability of the catalyst.</p>

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Effect of temperature on the structural and optical properties of pure anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesized using glycerol for the enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of congo red dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Anu Tharu P,
  • Jaya M. Soney,
  • Dhannia T.

摘要

This study investigates the rate of degradation of Congo red (CR) dye by annealed (600 °C) TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized using glycerol-assisted co-precipitation method with microwave irradiation. The as-prepared samples annealed at higher temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) show well-defined diffraction peaks of the anatase phase confirmed by Rietveld refinement. Raman analysis confirms the presence of the anatase phase in the as-synthesized and annealed samples. TEM images reveal the polycrystalline nature, and EDAX analysis confirms the presence of titanium and oxygen in the annealed (600 °C) sample. The annealed (600 °C) TiO₂ NPs exhibit a high specific surface area 101 m2/g and an average pore size 60.8 Å, indicating a mesoporous structure. The optical absorption edge of the as-prepared TiO2 NPs redshifts with an increase in the annealing temperature, indicating a decrease in the band gap energy. The photocatalytic performance is evaluated as a function of catalyst dosage (10, 20, and 30 mg), initial dye concentration (10, 20, and 30 ppm), pH of the dye solution (5, 7, and 9), and irradiation time (120 min) under UV exposure. The highest degradation efficiency 87% and COD removal efficiency 75% are achieved under optimum conditions- 30 mg catalyst dosage, 10 ppm dye concentration, and pH 5 at 120 min of UV irradiation. Regression analysis is performed to assess the suitability and reliability of kinetic models for the CR degradation process. The CR removal efficiency remains at 85% after the third cycle, confirming the stability of the catalyst.