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<p>Textile dye effluents are persistent contaminants that require robust, low-cost photocatalysts that are operable under broad-spectrum illumination. Herein, we report the solvent-free ex situ synthesis of ternary ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (85:5:10, w/w) nanohybrids and benchmark them against their single and binary counterparts for rhodamine 6G (R6G) degradation. Comprehensive physicochemical analyses (XRD/Rietveld, FTIR, UV–Vis DRS, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, SAED, PL, BET, Raman, and XPS) jointly confirm crystalline phase coexistence with intimate interfacial coupling (Zn-O-Ti linkages), bandgap narrowing to 2.85&#xa0;eV, and interfacial charge redistribution with oxygen vacancy signatures beneficial to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Compared with pristine and binary materials, the ternary nanohybrids exhibited markedly quenched PL emission, reduced charge transfer resistance, and enhanced defect density, correlating with 99.99% R6G removal in 180&#xa0;min with a first-order R6G degradation rate constant of 2.16 × 10<sup>−2</sup>&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>. Antioxidant performance (DPPH assay) was also enhanced to compare with bare, reaching 71.78% radical scavenging at 100&#xa0;µg/mL. The catalyst retained &gt; 96% removal efficiency over five reuse cycles without discernible structural degradation (post-cycle XRD and FTIR), underscoring operational stability. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the solvent-free fabrication of ternary ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanohybrids, dual (photocatalytic/antioxidant) functionality, and recyclability make this system a promising platform for water remediation and related bio-interfaces, subject to future cytocompatibility validation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Next-gen photocatalysts: solvent-free ZnO-TiO2-g-C3N4 composites for dye degradation and their antioxidant activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Sachin K. Dhawale,
  • Prashant D. Sarvalkar,
  • Neeraj R. Prasad,
  • Kalyanrao M. Garadkar,
  • Arpita Tiwari,
  • Radhika Jadhav,
  • Dongcheon Park,
  • Kwangwoo Wi,
  • Avinash A. Ramteke

摘要

Textile dye effluents are persistent contaminants that require robust, low-cost photocatalysts that are operable under broad-spectrum illumination. Herein, we report the solvent-free ex situ synthesis of ternary ZnO-TiO2-g-C3N4 (85:5:10, w/w) nanohybrids and benchmark them against their single and binary counterparts for rhodamine 6G (R6G) degradation. Comprehensive physicochemical analyses (XRD/Rietveld, FTIR, UV–Vis DRS, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, SAED, PL, BET, Raman, and XPS) jointly confirm crystalline phase coexistence with intimate interfacial coupling (Zn-O-Ti linkages), bandgap narrowing to 2.85 eV, and interfacial charge redistribution with oxygen vacancy signatures beneficial to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Compared with pristine and binary materials, the ternary nanohybrids exhibited markedly quenched PL emission, reduced charge transfer resistance, and enhanced defect density, correlating with 99.99% R6G removal in 180 min with a first-order R6G degradation rate constant of 2.16 × 10−2 min−1. Antioxidant performance (DPPH assay) was also enhanced to compare with bare, reaching 71.78% radical scavenging at 100 µg/mL. The catalyst retained > 96% removal efficiency over five reuse cycles without discernible structural degradation (post-cycle XRD and FTIR), underscoring operational stability. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the solvent-free fabrication of ternary ZnO-TiO2-g-C3N4 nanohybrids, dual (photocatalytic/antioxidant) functionality, and recyclability make this system a promising platform for water remediation and related bio-interfaces, subject to future cytocompatibility validation.

Graphical abstract