<p>Heavy metals' soil contamination seriously threatens plant health and agricultural productivity. In response, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate heavy metal-induced stress in plants. This review examines the effects of various heavy metals such as lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, and nickel, which are highly toxic to plants and other organisms, whereas metals like barium, antimony, molybdenum (Mo), thallium, and tin are generally considered less harmful. This review focuses on the role of nanoparticles in reducing metal toxicity in plants and improving their physiology. Nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) have demonstrated the ability to boost plant growth, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, and strengthen antioxidant defenses under heavy metal stress. These nanoparticles reduce the uptake of harmful metals, improve nutrient absorption, and regulate gene expression related to stress responses. Additionally, Mo, an essential micronutrient, helps mitigate the effects of heavy metals by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative damage, and facilitating osmolyte accumulation.&#xa0;Gene suppression or regulation induced by heavy metal stress and the upregulation of specific genes by nanoparticles is critical to stress alleviation in various plant species. The combined action of Mo and nanoparticles presents a promising approach to increasing plant tolerance to heavy metal toxicity. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms through which nanoparticles alleviate stress and the potential of Mo in conjunction with nanotechnology as a sustainable strategy to address heavy metal pollution in agricultural systems.</p>