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<p>The traceability of GSR is critical in forensic investigations, as it can link a suspect to the use of a firearm. Traditional collection methods can make it challenging to visualize and document GSR patterns clearly in situ, particularly in dark or complex environments. This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO Quantum Dots, synthesized using a modified sol–gel method, as fluorescent markers for the detection of GSR. This was then characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, TCSPC, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. XRD confirmed the high crystallinity of ZnO QDs with an average particle size in the range between 3–5&#xa0;nm, TEM provided high-resolution images revealing uniform spherical nanoparticles, FT-IR identified functional groups and confirmed the chemical composition, UV–Vis spectroscopy determined the optical absorption properties, while PL spectroscopy showed a strong emission peak at 577&#xa0;nm, indicating high fluorescence intensity, TCSPC measured the fluorescence lifetime and decay kinetics, revealing a lifetime of 5.9&#xa0;ns and TGA assessed the thermal stability and decomposition temperatures. These nanoparticles were then incorporated into the propellant powders of various ammunition to evaluate their effectiveness as fluorescent markers for GSR. The tagged ammunition was fired and the obtained GSR imaged under UV light and VSC revealed the presence of yellow, fluorescent particles. The stability of the fluorescent signal was tested under various conditions, confirming the robustness of the material as GSR markers and proved as an effective tool providing an innovative approach for GSR detection that enhances the efficiency of crime scene investigations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Development and characterization of ZnO quantum dots for enhanced fluorescent detection of gunshot residue (GSR)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Ndayisaba Prudent,
  • Sreelakshmi Krishna,
  • Pooja Ahuja

摘要

The traceability of GSR is critical in forensic investigations, as it can link a suspect to the use of a firearm. Traditional collection methods can make it challenging to visualize and document GSR patterns clearly in situ, particularly in dark or complex environments. This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO Quantum Dots, synthesized using a modified sol–gel method, as fluorescent markers for the detection of GSR. This was then characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, TCSPC, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. XRD confirmed the high crystallinity of ZnO QDs with an average particle size in the range between 3–5 nm, TEM provided high-resolution images revealing uniform spherical nanoparticles, FT-IR identified functional groups and confirmed the chemical composition, UV–Vis spectroscopy determined the optical absorption properties, while PL spectroscopy showed a strong emission peak at 577 nm, indicating high fluorescence intensity, TCSPC measured the fluorescence lifetime and decay kinetics, revealing a lifetime of 5.9 ns and TGA assessed the thermal stability and decomposition temperatures. These nanoparticles were then incorporated into the propellant powders of various ammunition to evaluate their effectiveness as fluorescent markers for GSR. The tagged ammunition was fired and the obtained GSR imaged under UV light and VSC revealed the presence of yellow, fluorescent particles. The stability of the fluorescent signal was tested under various conditions, confirming the robustness of the material as GSR markers and proved as an effective tool providing an innovative approach for GSR detection that enhances the efficiency of crime scene investigations.

Graphical Abstract