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<p>The most crucial element of any modern block cipher is the nonlinear confusion component. This nonlinear confusion component, also called substitution box (S-box), affects the strength and robustness of modern cryptosystems. This paper aims to accomplish two objectives. First, a novel approach based on fractional-order (FO) Chen and Rabinovich–Fabrikant chaotic systems is suggested for the generation of robust substitution boxes (S-boxes). The generated S-boxes perform well according to a variety of algebraic criteria. These criteria include nonlinearity (NL), strict avalanche criterion (SAC), bits independence criterion (BIC), linear approximation probability (LP), differential approximation probability (DP), fixed point (FP), and reverse fixed point (RFP) analysis. Second, based on generated robust S-boxes, FO Rabinovich–Fabrikant chaotic system, and 1D Logistic map, an innovative encryption algorithm is proposed to ensure digital color image confidentiality. The proposed color image encryption algorithm is examined in light of various cryptographic traits. These tests yield promising results, demonstrating that the proposed S-boxes and color image encryption algorithm meet all the criteria for secure communication.</p>

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S-boxes on the combined dynamics of fractional-order chaotic systems and their application to provably secure image encryption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月8日

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  • Saeed Ullah,
  • Xinge Liu,
  • Adil Waheed,
  • Shuailei Zhang

摘要

The most crucial element of any modern block cipher is the nonlinear confusion component. This nonlinear confusion component, also called substitution box (S-box), affects the strength and robustness of modern cryptosystems. This paper aims to accomplish two objectives. First, a novel approach based on fractional-order (FO) Chen and Rabinovich–Fabrikant chaotic systems is suggested for the generation of robust substitution boxes (S-boxes). The generated S-boxes perform well according to a variety of algebraic criteria. These criteria include nonlinearity (NL), strict avalanche criterion (SAC), bits independence criterion (BIC), linear approximation probability (LP), differential approximation probability (DP), fixed point (FP), and reverse fixed point (RFP) analysis. Second, based on generated robust S-boxes, FO Rabinovich–Fabrikant chaotic system, and 1D Logistic map, an innovative encryption algorithm is proposed to ensure digital color image confidentiality. The proposed color image encryption algorithm is examined in light of various cryptographic traits. These tests yield promising results, demonstrating that the proposed S-boxes and color image encryption algorithm meet all the criteria for secure communication.