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Background <p>Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>) is a tropical timber tree renowned for its exceptional wood qualities, making it ideal for furniture and possessing significant social and cultural value. However, a low and delayed germination becomes a bottleneck for its large-scale production. Understanding of the early germination-associated biochemical and molecular changes within defined experimental constraints may help in future improvement strategies.</p> Methods and results <p>This study investigated stage-specific biochemical changes and exploratory gene expression patterns during the transition from non-germinated seeds (NGS) to pre-germinated seeds (PGS) derived from a single maternal tree. Antioxidant activities (catalase and peroxidase), total soluble protein (TSP), and total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were quantified, along with germination-specific six candidate genes, using qRT-PCR. The results revealed a significant increase in antioxidant levels in PGS compared with NGS, indicating enhanced oxidative stress protection that may contribute to improved germination processes. The TSP content increased, while the TSS content decreased in PGS, suggesting metabolic alterations associated with germination initiation. The transcript analysis showed that higher expression of <i>Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)</i>, <i>polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP)</i>, and <i>expansin A4</i> and <i>A9</i> in PGS, while <i>inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibiting protein (IαTI)</i> and <i>ABA-responsive genes</i> were lower.</p> Conclusion <p>This study provides preliminary, seed-source-specific insights into biochemical and transcriptional changes associated with teak germination. Also, this is the first report upon integrating biochemical and transcriptomic data from teak seeds with respect to its germination process. Based on these findings, future studies with different genetic resources and enzymatic validation may offer an improved understanding of its germination process.</p>

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Molecular and biochemical mechanisms regulating seed germination in Tectona grandis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • K. Rajarajan,
  • Meenakshi Jadhav,
  • A. Radhakrishna,
  • A. Arunachalam,
  • A. K. Handa

摘要

Background

Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical timber tree renowned for its exceptional wood qualities, making it ideal for furniture and possessing significant social and cultural value. However, a low and delayed germination becomes a bottleneck for its large-scale production. Understanding of the early germination-associated biochemical and molecular changes within defined experimental constraints may help in future improvement strategies.

Methods and results

This study investigated stage-specific biochemical changes and exploratory gene expression patterns during the transition from non-germinated seeds (NGS) to pre-germinated seeds (PGS) derived from a single maternal tree. Antioxidant activities (catalase and peroxidase), total soluble protein (TSP), and total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were quantified, along with germination-specific six candidate genes, using qRT-PCR. The results revealed a significant increase in antioxidant levels in PGS compared with NGS, indicating enhanced oxidative stress protection that may contribute to improved germination processes. The TSP content increased, while the TSS content decreased in PGS, suggesting metabolic alterations associated with germination initiation. The transcript analysis showed that higher expression of Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), and expansin A4 and A9 in PGS, while inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibiting protein (IαTI) and ABA-responsive genes were lower.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary, seed-source-specific insights into biochemical and transcriptional changes associated with teak germination. Also, this is the first report upon integrating biochemical and transcriptomic data from teak seeds with respect to its germination process. Based on these findings, future studies with different genetic resources and enzymatic validation may offer an improved understanding of its germination process.