Background <p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifaceted autoimmune condition. Interleukin-37 (IL-37), a cytokine from the IL-1 family, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory effects and its involvement in the progression of various autoimmune diseases (ADs). Despite this, the exact relationships are not fully clear. The objective of this study was to assess serum IL-37 levels and the polymorphism (rs3811047) to investigate its possible role in T1D.</p> Methods <p>The study involved 46 individuals with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and 45 healthy controls. Serum IL-37 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA was extracted with a specialized DNA extraction kit. The specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-37 gene (rs3811047) was then genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p> Results <p>The serum concentrations of IL-37 did not show a significant difference between individuals with T1D and the control group, with a P-value of 0.7. However, our results revealed a significant correlation between T1D and the IL-37 polymorphism (rs3811047). Both the AG and GG genotypes were strongly associated with an elevated risk of developing T1D in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the frequency of the G allele in rs3811047 was notably higher in the T1D group (56.5%) compared to the control group (32.2%).</p> Conclusions <p>These findings suggest that the rs3811047 variant in the IL-37 gene is a significant genetic marker linked to an increased susceptibility to T1D. The AG and GG genotypes, along with the G allele, are associated with a higher risk.</p>