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Background <p>To investigate the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in animals from the Tibetan Plateau, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of the common rosefinch (<i>Carpodacus erythrinus</i>) collected from Xiahe County (3200&#xa0;m) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We conducted comparative analysis with mitochondrial genomes of conspecific individuals from lower-elevation areas.</p> Methods and results <p>The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,824&#xa0;bp in length. Divergence time analysis indicates that <i>C. erythrinus</i> diverged from its common ancestor with other <i>Carpodacus</i> species approximately 16.21&#xa0;million years ago, coinciding with the timing of the fourth uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. We compared the mitochondrial genome of <i>C. erythrinus</i> from Xiahe County with sequences obtained from Hawaii (1680&#xa0;m) and Denmark (30&#xa0;m), revealing only slight variations in sequence lengths among individuals at different altitudes. With the exception of <i>ATP8</i>, all protein-coding genes (PCGs) exhibited a similarity exceeding 99% at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Analysis of mitochondrial PCGs revealed that <i>ND5</i> contained the highest number of mutation sites and non-synonymous mutations. The Ka/Ks ratios for all mitochondrial PCGs were found to be less than 1, indicating that these genes have undergone purifying selection. In summary, the mitochondrial genome exhibits a remarkable degree of conservation, characterized by a stable gene structure and low mutation rates.</p> Conclusions <p>The mitochondrial genome of <i>C. erythrinus</i> serves as an important genomic resource for conservation efforts concerning this species and provides valuable insights into adaptive evolution within mitochondrial PCGs, particularly regarding avian adaptations to high altitudes.</p>

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Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Carpodacus erythrinus (Passeriformes: Fringillidae) across different altitudes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月19日

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  • Yu Zhang,
  • Wenshu Zhang,
  • Fan Zhang,
  • Shaobin Li

摘要

Background

To investigate the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in animals from the Tibetan Plateau, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of the common rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) collected from Xiahe County (3200 m) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We conducted comparative analysis with mitochondrial genomes of conspecific individuals from lower-elevation areas.

Methods and results

The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,824 bp in length. Divergence time analysis indicates that C. erythrinus diverged from its common ancestor with other Carpodacus species approximately 16.21 million years ago, coinciding with the timing of the fourth uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. We compared the mitochondrial genome of C. erythrinus from Xiahe County with sequences obtained from Hawaii (1680 m) and Denmark (30 m), revealing only slight variations in sequence lengths among individuals at different altitudes. With the exception of ATP8, all protein-coding genes (PCGs) exhibited a similarity exceeding 99% at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Analysis of mitochondrial PCGs revealed that ND5 contained the highest number of mutation sites and non-synonymous mutations. The Ka/Ks ratios for all mitochondrial PCGs were found to be less than 1, indicating that these genes have undergone purifying selection. In summary, the mitochondrial genome exhibits a remarkable degree of conservation, characterized by a stable gene structure and low mutation rates.

Conclusions

The mitochondrial genome of C. erythrinus serves as an important genomic resource for conservation efforts concerning this species and provides valuable insights into adaptive evolution within mitochondrial PCGs, particularly regarding avian adaptations to high altitudes.