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<p>Bismuth (III) chloride (BiCl<sub>3</sub>) has emerged as a powerful and ecofriendly Lewis acid catalyst in modern organic synthesis. Distinguished by its low toxicity, affordability, and environmental compatibility, BiCl<sub>3</sub> offers an attractive alternative to conventional metal catalysts. This review compiles and summarizes the significant findings reported to date on the diverse applications of BiCl<sub>3</sub> in promoting diverse organic transformations including oxidation, reduction, bond-forming reactions (C–C, C-N, C-P, C-O, C-S, and C-X), and deprotection strategies. Its effectiveness under mild, solvent-free, and even microwave-assisted conditions underscores its potential in green chemistry. The ability of BiCl<sub>3</sub> to deliver high yields with good selectivity and reusability positions it as a catalyst of growing importance in sustainable synthetic methodologies.</p>

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Bismuth (III) chloride in organic synthesis: an exclusive focus on its catalytic versatility, green credentials, and mechanistic insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Mohd.Aamir Bin Riyaz,
  • Jixiang Ni,
  • Yufen Zhao

摘要

Bismuth (III) chloride (BiCl3) has emerged as a powerful and ecofriendly Lewis acid catalyst in modern organic synthesis. Distinguished by its low toxicity, affordability, and environmental compatibility, BiCl3 offers an attractive alternative to conventional metal catalysts. This review compiles and summarizes the significant findings reported to date on the diverse applications of BiCl3 in promoting diverse organic transformations including oxidation, reduction, bond-forming reactions (C–C, C-N, C-P, C-O, C-S, and C-X), and deprotection strategies. Its effectiveness under mild, solvent-free, and even microwave-assisted conditions underscores its potential in green chemistry. The ability of BiCl3 to deliver high yields with good selectivity and reusability positions it as a catalyst of growing importance in sustainable synthetic methodologies.