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<p>The transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture is vital for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa, but is hindered by climate vulnerability and market constraints. Although Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) are widely documented to enhance productivity, their effects on smallholder commercialization, particularly through the synergistic bundling of multiple practices, remain inadequately understood. This study moves beyond a single-practice focus to examine how CSAPs adoption intensity drives commercialization among 601 maize-growing households in Ethiopia. To address endogeneity, we used a Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) model, with robustness confirmed through the Two-Stage Least Squares estimator. We also employed Structural Equation Modelling to examine impact mechanisms and analyzed heterogeneity through district-specific CMP models and Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression. Our findings show that each additional CSAPs adopted significantly increased commercialization intensity by 2.8% points and raised crop income per hectare by approximately 26%. These gains are significantly mediated by higher yields and reduced post-harvest losses, which together account for about 41% and 62% of the total effect on intensity of commercialization and crop income, respectively. However, benefits are heterogeneous: effects are strongest for less-commercialized farmers and vary significantly across districts, indicating context-specific constraints. These results emphasize the need for policymakers and development practitioners to promote higher CSAPs adoption intensity as a catalyst for smallholder commercialization, reinforced by complementary investments in market information, credit access, and farmer organizations. Such an integrated approach is essential for leveraging climate adaptation as a pathway toward resilient and inclusive agricultural transformation.</p>

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Beyond single practices: impacts of adopting multiple climate-smart agricultural practices on commercialization among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Agerie Nega Wassihun,
  • Yuchun Zhu,
  • Taye Melese Mekie,
  • Gezahegne Seyoum

摘要

The transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture is vital for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa, but is hindered by climate vulnerability and market constraints. Although Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) are widely documented to enhance productivity, their effects on smallholder commercialization, particularly through the synergistic bundling of multiple practices, remain inadequately understood. This study moves beyond a single-practice focus to examine how CSAPs adoption intensity drives commercialization among 601 maize-growing households in Ethiopia. To address endogeneity, we used a Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) model, with robustness confirmed through the Two-Stage Least Squares estimator. We also employed Structural Equation Modelling to examine impact mechanisms and analyzed heterogeneity through district-specific CMP models and Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression. Our findings show that each additional CSAPs adopted significantly increased commercialization intensity by 2.8% points and raised crop income per hectare by approximately 26%. These gains are significantly mediated by higher yields and reduced post-harvest losses, which together account for about 41% and 62% of the total effect on intensity of commercialization and crop income, respectively. However, benefits are heterogeneous: effects are strongest for less-commercialized farmers and vary significantly across districts, indicating context-specific constraints. These results emphasize the need for policymakers and development practitioners to promote higher CSAPs adoption intensity as a catalyst for smallholder commercialization, reinforced by complementary investments in market information, credit access, and farmer organizations. Such an integrated approach is essential for leveraging climate adaptation as a pathway toward resilient and inclusive agricultural transformation.