<p>Vibration suppression in dual-rotor systems, with their complex dynamics, wide-frequency excitation, and stringent spatial constraints, presents a persistent challenge. To address these issues, this paper proposes a disk-type magnetorheological shear thickening damper (MRSTD), leveraging the advantages of high performance, strong controllability, and a compact structure. First, an integrated and rapidly responsive disk-type MRSTD was designed. Its effectiveness in activating the fluid’s magnetorheological effect was verified through ANSYS-Maxwell simulations, and a corresponding mechanical model was established based on the Herschel-Bulkley constitutive model of the magnetorheological shear thickening fluid (MRSTF). Then, the dynamic model of dual-rotor system with MRSTD was established using the finite element method (FEM), and its validity was verified through modal analysis. Furthermore, the steady-state vibration response of the system under passive control was determined by the Newmark-β algorithm, demonstrating the damper’s efficacy in suppressing high-frequency, low-amplitude vibrations. Subsequently, a parametric study under semi-active control was conducted to analyze the effects of the damper’s quantity, location, control current, and system unbalance on the nonlinear vibrational response, examining both transient and steady-state behaviors. The results show that the compact structure of the proposed damper is significant to its performance, ensuring rapid response from the MRSTF and enabling effective broadband vibration suppression. This study elucidates the influence mechanism of MRSTF dampers on dual-rotor systems, providing valuable insights for vibration control strategies and the design and optimization of novel smart material dampers.</p>