<p>In this paper, we study the Pythagoras number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> <mi>K</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the rings of integers in totally real biquadratic fields <i>K</i>. We continue Tinková’s work toward proving the conjecture of Krásenský, Raška and Sgallová that a biquadratic <i>K</i> satisfies <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\ge 6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> <mi>K</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if it contains neither <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nor <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{5}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with only finitely many exceptions. We fully resolve two of the three remaining classes of fields by proving that all but finitely many fields <i>K</i> containing <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{6}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msqrt> <mn>6</mn> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{7}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msqrt> <mn>7</mn> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfy <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\ge 6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> <mi>K</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Furthermore, we present ideas and computations that further support the conjecture for fields <i>K</i> containing <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This enables us to refine the conjecture by explicitly listing the exceptional fields.</p>

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On biquadratic fields: when 5 squares are not enough

  • Daniel Dombek

摘要

In this paper, we study the Pythagoras number \({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\) P ( O K ) for the rings of integers in totally real biquadratic fields K. We continue Tinková’s work toward proving the conjecture of Krásenský, Raška and Sgallová that a biquadratic K satisfies \({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\ge 6\) P ( O K ) 6 if and only if it contains neither \(\sqrt{2}\) 2 nor \(\sqrt{5}\) 5 , with only finitely many exceptions. We fully resolve two of the three remaining classes of fields by proving that all but finitely many fields K containing \(\sqrt{6}\) 6 or \(\sqrt{7}\) 7 satisfy \({\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {O}}_K)\ge 6\) P ( O K ) 6 . Furthermore, we present ideas and computations that further support the conjecture for fields K containing \(\sqrt{3}\) 3 . This enables us to refine the conjecture by explicitly listing the exceptional fields.