<p>This paper investigates the precise structure of meromorphic solutions with hyper-order strictly less than 1 for non-linear difference equations of the form <Equation ID="Equ65"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f^n(z)+q(z)e^{Q(z)}(\Delta _cf)^{m}=p_1e^{a_1z}+p_2e^{a_2z}, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <i>m</i> and <i>n</i> are positive integers, <i>q</i>(<i>z</i>) and <i>Q</i>(<i>z</i>) are nonzero polynomials with the additional condition that <i>Q</i>(<i>z</i>) is not a constant polynomial, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_1, p_2, a_1, a_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are nonzero constants such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_1\ne a_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≠</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our results show that when <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\ge m+2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, any meromorphic solution with hyper-order strictly less than 1 must be reduced to an exponential polynomial with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg Q = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \ge m + 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we derive exact forms of entire solutions, while for the critical cases <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n = m + 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (e.g., <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n = 3, 4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), we identify additional solution structures involving linear combinations of exponentials. Our theorems are supported by concrete examples, demonstrating their applicability.</p>

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On the exact structure of meromorphic solutions to non-linear difference equations with exponential terms

  • Xiaoguang Qi,
  • Lianzhong Yang

摘要

This paper investigates the precise structure of meromorphic solutions with hyper-order strictly less than 1 for non-linear difference equations of the form \( f^n(z)+q(z)e^{Q(z)}(\Delta _cf)^{m}=p_1e^{a_1z}+p_2e^{a_2z}, \) f n ( z ) + q ( z ) e Q ( z ) ( Δ c f ) m = p 1 e a 1 z + p 2 e a 2 z , where m and n are positive integers, q(z) and Q(z) are nonzero polynomials with the additional condition that Q(z) is not a constant polynomial, and \(p_1, p_2, a_1, a_2\) p 1 , p 2 , a 1 , a 2 are nonzero constants such that \(a_1\ne a_2\) a 1 a 2 . Our results show that when \(n\ge m+2\) n m + 2 , any meromorphic solution with hyper-order strictly less than 1 must be reduced to an exponential polynomial with \(\deg Q = 1\) deg Q = 1 . For \(n \ge m + 3\) n m + 3 , we derive exact forms of entire solutions, while for the critical cases \(n = m + 2\) n = m + 2 (e.g., \(n = 3, 4\) n = 3 , 4 ), we identify additional solution structures involving linear combinations of exponentials. Our theorems are supported by concrete examples, demonstrating their applicability.