Background <p>Trace elements dyshomeostasis affects the physiological processes, metabolism, and immune function and leads to systemic and localised pathologies such as diabetes, cancer, and ocular degenerative diseases. Chelation therapies have been the main mode of treatment but have various side effects, and hence, there is a dire need for new interventions. Chelating and bioactive peptides are emerging as promising therapeutic agents due to their high specificity, potency, low toxicity. This review discusses in detail about these peptides and their applications.</p> Methodology <p>This review is based on a thorough literature analysis from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from 2000 to 2025, with some important older articles included based on their significance. Both experimental and review articles addressing peptides efficacy and potential in systemic and ocular disease were included.</p> Results <p>Chelating peptides represent a promising and adaptable strategy for correcting metal ion imbalances in the body, with therapeutic potential in areas such as angiogenesis inhibition, modulation of cuproptosis, reduction of oxidative stress, and prevention of fibrillogenesis. A new class of peptides, such as chelating and bioactive peptides, represents a rapidly advancing frontier in precision medicine, offering novel, targeted, and safer alternatives for the treatment of diseases rooted in elemental imbalance and complex molecular dysfunction. This review provides a compendium of current knowledge regarding the general mechanism of these peptides.</p> Conclusion <p>Bridging the gap between promising preclinical results and clinically viable, patient-friendly therapies, especially achieving effective oral delivery, will be critical for the widespread adoption of peptides in future healthcare.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Trace element dyshomeostasis and cellular stress: A New therapeutic approach for therapy.</p> <p></p>