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Background <p>Lipopeptides are biosurfactants produced by microorganisms, composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that enable them to reduce surface and interfacial tension, forming micelles and micro-emulsions. These eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants have broad applications due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, and stability under extreme conditions. Lipopeptides serve as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and antimicrobials in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and agriculture. Among them, surfactin exhibits strong antimicrobial, antiviral, antilarval and antitumor properties. Its synthesis occurs via a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase complex, producing synergistic homologs with potent biological activity.</p> Methods <p>The study utilized <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> SK27, isolated from Ribandar saltpans, Goa, for biosurfactant production. The bacterial culture was grown in nutrient broth, and biosurfactant activity was tested using emulsification and oil spreading methods. The biosurfactant was extracted, purified via column chromatography, and characterized using ESI-MS analysis. Stability was assessed at varying temperatures, pH, and salinity. Bioactivity tests included antifungal assays against phytopathogens and larvicidal bioassays against <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>.</p> Results <p><i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> SK27 produced a biosurfactant confirmed by emulsification and oil-spreading assays. The emulsification assay showed a stable emulsion, while the oil-spreading method displayed a clearance zone, confirming biosurfactant activity. Mass spectrometry identified surfactin isoforms (C<sub>13</sub>–C<sub>16</sub>) with prominent peaks at m/z 1044.7 and 1058.69. Stability studies revealed its resilience to temperature (4–90&#xa0;°C), pH (4–14), and salinity (up to 20% NaCl). Bioactivity tests showed antifungal effects against <i>Fusarium solani</i> and <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> and larvicidal action against <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>, causing midgut lysis, with LC50 and LC90 values of 5.141 ppm and 29.35 ppm, respectively.</p> Conclusions <p>This study highlights the potential of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> SK27 as an efficient biosurfactant producer. The biosurfactant, identified as surfactin, demonstrated strong stability and exhibited antifungal activity and larvicidal effects. Thus it suggests its biotechnological applications in agriculture, pest control, and environmental bioremediation as a sustainable alternative to chemical surfactants. Further studies on large-scale production and formulation could enhance its industrial and commercial viability.</p>

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Characterization of a Cyclic Lipopeptide from a Halotolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its Bioactivity as a Fungicide and a Larvicide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月21日

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  • Ruchira Malik,
  • Manasi Pawaskar,
  • Dixita Temkar,
  • Ajeet Kumar Mohanty,
  • Santosh Tilve,
  • Savita Kerkar

摘要

Background

Lipopeptides are biosurfactants produced by microorganisms, composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that enable them to reduce surface and interfacial tension, forming micelles and micro-emulsions. These eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants have broad applications due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, and stability under extreme conditions. Lipopeptides serve as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and antimicrobials in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and agriculture. Among them, surfactin exhibits strong antimicrobial, antiviral, antilarval and antitumor properties. Its synthesis occurs via a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase complex, producing synergistic homologs with potent biological activity.

Methods

The study utilized Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK27, isolated from Ribandar saltpans, Goa, for biosurfactant production. The bacterial culture was grown in nutrient broth, and biosurfactant activity was tested using emulsification and oil spreading methods. The biosurfactant was extracted, purified via column chromatography, and characterized using ESI-MS analysis. Stability was assessed at varying temperatures, pH, and salinity. Bioactivity tests included antifungal assays against phytopathogens and larvicidal bioassays against Anopheles stephensi.

Results

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK27 produced a biosurfactant confirmed by emulsification and oil-spreading assays. The emulsification assay showed a stable emulsion, while the oil-spreading method displayed a clearance zone, confirming biosurfactant activity. Mass spectrometry identified surfactin isoforms (C13–C16) with prominent peaks at m/z 1044.7 and 1058.69. Stability studies revealed its resilience to temperature (4–90 °C), pH (4–14), and salinity (up to 20% NaCl). Bioactivity tests showed antifungal effects against Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina and larvicidal action against Anopheles stephensi, causing midgut lysis, with LC50 and LC90 values of 5.141 ppm and 29.35 ppm, respectively.

Conclusions

This study highlights the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK27 as an efficient biosurfactant producer. The biosurfactant, identified as surfactin, demonstrated strong stability and exhibited antifungal activity and larvicidal effects. Thus it suggests its biotechnological applications in agriculture, pest control, and environmental bioremediation as a sustainable alternative to chemical surfactants. Further studies on large-scale production and formulation could enhance its industrial and commercial viability.