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Purpose of Review <p>Spexin (SPX), also known as neuropeptide Q, is a 14-amino acid-containing neuropeptide. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the expression and functions of SPX and its receptors, highlighting its physiological and pathological roles, and therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric and metabolic conditions. Additionally, key areas for future research to explore the broader implications of the SPX system are discussed.</p> Key Findings <p>SPX is widely distributed across central and peripheral organs, including the brain, ovary, liver, intestine, kidney, and heart, and regulates diverse physiological functions via galanin receptors (GALR1-GALR3). Genetic variations in the <i>SPX</i> gene have been linked to mood disorders, and serotonergic modulation by SPX alleviates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. SPX also exerts procognitive and antinociceptive actions. It interacts with various hypothalamic neuropeptides to induce anorexia. Beyond neuropsychiatric effects, SPX reduces inflammation and adipogenesis. It alleviates high-fat diet-induced&#xa0;insulin resistance, diabetic nephropathy, hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and doxorubicin-induced&#xa0;cardiotoxicity. Since SPX produces procognitive and antioxidant effects, it may ameliorate neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinsonism. SPX has emerged&#xa0;as a novel regulator of ovarian physiology and, therefore, it may be involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome.&#xa0;Recent studies identify&#xa0;SPX as a&#xa0;promising&#xa0;biomarker&#xa0;for skin and breast cancers, highlighting its potential&#xa0;as a therapeutic target.</p> Summary <p>The ubiquity, diverse functions, and extensive molecular interactions of SPX position it as a valuable therapeutic candidate for addressing neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. With its potential to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies, SPX&#xa0;system represents a promising target for future drug development.</p>

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Spexin (Neuropeptide Q): Distribution, Functional Roles, and Emerging Therapeutic Perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月8日

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  • Ritesh S. Tarwani,
  • Kamini R. Shirasath,
  • Sanjay N. Awathale,
  • Sameer N. Goyal,
  • Kartik T. Nakhate

摘要

Purpose of Review

Spexin (SPX), also known as neuropeptide Q, is a 14-amino acid-containing neuropeptide. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the expression and functions of SPX and its receptors, highlighting its physiological and pathological roles, and therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric and metabolic conditions. Additionally, key areas for future research to explore the broader implications of the SPX system are discussed.

Key Findings

SPX is widely distributed across central and peripheral organs, including the brain, ovary, liver, intestine, kidney, and heart, and regulates diverse physiological functions via galanin receptors (GALR1-GALR3). Genetic variations in the SPX gene have been linked to mood disorders, and serotonergic modulation by SPX alleviates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. SPX also exerts procognitive and antinociceptive actions. It interacts with various hypothalamic neuropeptides to induce anorexia. Beyond neuropsychiatric effects, SPX reduces inflammation and adipogenesis. It alleviates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, diabetic nephropathy, hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Since SPX produces procognitive and antioxidant effects, it may ameliorate neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinsonism. SPX has emerged as a novel regulator of ovarian physiology and, therefore, it may be involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Recent studies identify SPX as a promising biomarker for skin and breast cancers, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

Summary

The ubiquity, diverse functions, and extensive molecular interactions of SPX position it as a valuable therapeutic candidate for addressing neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. With its potential to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies, SPX system represents a promising target for future drug development.