Natural language and external conventions: re-examining per
摘要
We argue that per-phrases like two grams per liter exhibit a dual interpretive pattern. When such phrases saturate predicates of quantities in simplex dimensions, like weight or distance, they are interpreted compositionally within grammar; by contrast, when referring to quantities in quotient dimensions, like density or speed, they verbalize technical notation using a type of math speak. Akin to mixed quotations, such verbalizations get their meanings from extra-grammatical conventions. Supporting our analysis, per-phrases that refer to quotient dimensions, unlike their simplex counterparts, allow meaning-preserving substitution with expressions that unambiguously verbalize technical notation. Furthermore, these same expressions are opaque to syntactic operations. Our arguments challenge the view that per encodes quantity division compositionally, and underscore the distinction between meanings built in grammar and those licensed by extra-grammatical conventions.