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<p>This study investigates the role of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) content on the mechanical, thermal, and kinetic behavior of one-part burnt coal cinder geopolymers. Specimens containing 30–100 mass% GGBFS were synthesized with solid activators and cured at ambient temperature. Thermal behavior was evaluated through thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from 40 to 1000&#xa0;°C at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20&#xa0;K min<sup>-1</sup>. Gaussian DTG deconvolution, the Kissinger, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Friedman methods were employed to resolve overlapping thermal events and quantitatively characterize dehydroxylation processes. The results indicate that 70 mass% GGBFS achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength, representing an optimal balance between calcium-rich reactions and aluminosilicate byproducts. TG/DTG/DSC analysis identified significant mass losses attributable to overlapping processes, including dehydration, dehydroxylation, gel restructuring, and high-temperature transformations. Gaussian deconvolution revealed heterogeneous transformations, with statistical fit quality (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) values of 0.981–0.994 across all specimens, supporting the separation of individual events. Kissinger activation energy (Ea) values of 79.36–129.26&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, with the highest value for 70mass% GGBFS, suggesting increased resistance to thermally induced restructuring. Average <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> values for the FWO, KAS, and Friedman were 274.89–654.06&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, 275.70–674.88&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, and 201.99–605.65&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The consistency between FWO and KAS results, along with the method-dependent deviations of the Friedman method, highlights the sensitivity of the integral approaches. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy corroborated with thermal interpretation by demonstrating phase transitions, gel formation, and pore structure refinement.</p>

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The role of ground granulated blast-furnace slag on the thermal and kinetic behavior of one-part burnt coal cinder geopolymers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Ilídio Deocleciano Salomão Dos Santos,
  • Shenxu Bao,
  • Muyang Huang,
  • Estella Efiba Baffoe

摘要

This study investigates the role of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) content on the mechanical, thermal, and kinetic behavior of one-part burnt coal cinder geopolymers. Specimens containing 30–100 mass% GGBFS were synthesized with solid activators and cured at ambient temperature. Thermal behavior was evaluated through thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from 40 to 1000 °C at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K min-1. Gaussian DTG deconvolution, the Kissinger, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Friedman methods were employed to resolve overlapping thermal events and quantitatively characterize dehydroxylation processes. The results indicate that 70 mass% GGBFS achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength, representing an optimal balance between calcium-rich reactions and aluminosilicate byproducts. TG/DTG/DSC analysis identified significant mass losses attributable to overlapping processes, including dehydration, dehydroxylation, gel restructuring, and high-temperature transformations. Gaussian deconvolution revealed heterogeneous transformations, with statistical fit quality (R2) values of 0.981–0.994 across all specimens, supporting the separation of individual events. Kissinger activation energy (Ea) values of 79.36–129.26 kJ mol-1, with the highest value for 70mass% GGBFS, suggesting increased resistance to thermally induced restructuring. Average Ea values for the FWO, KAS, and Friedman were 274.89–654.06 kJ mol-1, 275.70–674.88 kJ mol-1, and 201.99–605.65 kJ mol-1, respectively. The consistency between FWO and KAS results, along with the method-dependent deviations of the Friedman method, highlights the sensitivity of the integral approaches. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy corroborated with thermal interpretation by demonstrating phase transitions, gel formation, and pore structure refinement.