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<p>The thermodynamic irreversibility and transport optimization of a Darcy–Forchheimer (SiO₂–MoS₂/PAO) hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow over the permeable spinning disk with an exponential heat source/sink and slip conditions has been studied in this work. The non-equilibrium thermal and mass fluxes are modeled by Cattaneo–Christov theory and solved by parametric continuation method (PCM). A thorough mesh study is performed to check the algorithm stability, and the residual error is evaluated to be 3.6 × 10<sup>–7</sup> for <i>N</i> = 600 grid points. The stream function streamlines and isotherms reveal that with the increase in magnetic interaction, boundary layer thickness decreases, and the radial skin friction decreases by 47.82% and 48.24% for the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid, respectively. On the contrary, increasing the thermal radiation (0.2–0.8) and magnetic field (1.5–3.5) intensifies the Nusselt number that increases by up to 9.31% and 16.30%, respectively, and the Schmidt number (0.3–0.9) expands the Sherwood number gradients by 62.89%. The 3D entropy generation maps reveal that thermodynamic irreversibility is maximum at the disk interface resulting from the friction between the fluid and Joule heating. Lastly, Bejan number configurations show that as Be decreases (Be <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\to\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 0), the near-wall mechanical losses dominate, whereas increasing Be (thermal radiation and temperature difference) causes the continuum to evolve into a conduction-dominated state (Be <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\to\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 1).</p>

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Thermodynamic irreversibility and entropy generation analysis of Darcy–Forchheimer SiO2–MoS2/PAO hybrid nanofluid flow past a spinning disk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Humaira Yasmin,
  • Laila A. AL-Essa,
  • Saima Noor,
  • Anwar Saeed

摘要

The thermodynamic irreversibility and transport optimization of a Darcy–Forchheimer (SiO₂–MoS₂/PAO) hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow over the permeable spinning disk with an exponential heat source/sink and slip conditions has been studied in this work. The non-equilibrium thermal and mass fluxes are modeled by Cattaneo–Christov theory and solved by parametric continuation method (PCM). A thorough mesh study is performed to check the algorithm stability, and the residual error is evaluated to be 3.6 × 10–7 for N = 600 grid points. The stream function streamlines and isotherms reveal that with the increase in magnetic interaction, boundary layer thickness decreases, and the radial skin friction decreases by 47.82% and 48.24% for the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid, respectively. On the contrary, increasing the thermal radiation (0.2–0.8) and magnetic field (1.5–3.5) intensifies the Nusselt number that increases by up to 9.31% and 16.30%, respectively, and the Schmidt number (0.3–0.9) expands the Sherwood number gradients by 62.89%. The 3D entropy generation maps reveal that thermodynamic irreversibility is maximum at the disk interface resulting from the friction between the fluid and Joule heating. Lastly, Bejan number configurations show that as Be decreases (Be  \(\to\) →  0), the near-wall mechanical losses dominate, whereas increasing Be (thermal radiation and temperature difference) causes the continuum to evolve into a conduction-dominated state (Be  \(\to\) →  1).