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<p>The increasing demand for cleaner transportation fuels and reduced dependence on fossil fuels requires the development of efficient dual-fuel combustion strategies for spark ignition engines. In the present study, the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of gasohol coupled with compressed natural gas (CNG) port injection under lean burn conditions were experimentally investigated in a gasoline engine. Gasoline and ethanol were blended in two proportions, namely GL20 (80% gasoline + 20% ethanol) and GL40 (60% gasoline + 40% ethanol), and the optimized blend was further combined with ECU-controlled CNG intake manifold injection using injector pulse durations of 2&#xa0;ms, 4&#xa0;ms, and 6&#xa0;ms. Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine under 75% throttle condition, with liquid fuel injection timing of 270° bTDC and spark ignition timing of 24° bTDC, while varying the engine speed from 1200 to 1800&#xa0;rpm under lean burn operation. The experimental results demonstrated that the F2 blend (GL40 + CNG at 4&#xa0;ms) exhibited superior combustion and performance characteristics owing to enhanced mixture formation, improved flame propagation, and better combustion stability. The brake thermal efficiency improved by 1.11–0.37%, while the brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by up to 9.65% at 1200&#xa0;rpm compared with baseline gasoline. Furthermore, lower HC and CO emissions were observed because of improved oxidation and enhanced air–fuel mixing under lean burn conditions, whereas the presence of ethanol helped mitigate the NOx emission penalty associated with dual-fuel operation. The findings indicate that the optimized gasohol–CNG dual-fuel strategy significantly enhances engine efficiency and emission performance, thereby offering a promising pathway towards cleaner and more sustainable spark ignition engine operation.</p>

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Engine behaviour and emission analysis of a gasohol–compressed natural gas fueled spark-ignition engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Dhinesh Balasubramanian,
  • Inbanaathan Papla Venugopal,
  • Utku Kale,
  • Artūras Kilikevičius

摘要

The increasing demand for cleaner transportation fuels and reduced dependence on fossil fuels requires the development of efficient dual-fuel combustion strategies for spark ignition engines. In the present study, the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of gasohol coupled with compressed natural gas (CNG) port injection under lean burn conditions were experimentally investigated in a gasoline engine. Gasoline and ethanol were blended in two proportions, namely GL20 (80% gasoline + 20% ethanol) and GL40 (60% gasoline + 40% ethanol), and the optimized blend was further combined with ECU-controlled CNG intake manifold injection using injector pulse durations of 2 ms, 4 ms, and 6 ms. Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine under 75% throttle condition, with liquid fuel injection timing of 270° bTDC and spark ignition timing of 24° bTDC, while varying the engine speed from 1200 to 1800 rpm under lean burn operation. The experimental results demonstrated that the F2 blend (GL40 + CNG at 4 ms) exhibited superior combustion and performance characteristics owing to enhanced mixture formation, improved flame propagation, and better combustion stability. The brake thermal efficiency improved by 1.11–0.37%, while the brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by up to 9.65% at 1200 rpm compared with baseline gasoline. Furthermore, lower HC and CO emissions were observed because of improved oxidation and enhanced air–fuel mixing under lean burn conditions, whereas the presence of ethanol helped mitigate the NOx emission penalty associated with dual-fuel operation. The findings indicate that the optimized gasohol–CNG dual-fuel strategy significantly enhances engine efficiency and emission performance, thereby offering a promising pathway towards cleaner and more sustainable spark ignition engine operation.