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Abstract <p>The rising cost, limited availability, and environmental impacts of conventional diesel have accelerated the search for sustainable alternative fuels. This study investigates the performance, combustion, emission, economic, and optimization characteristics of Leucas Zeylanica Methyl Ester (LZME) and Palm Kernel Methyl Ester (PKME) blended with diesel and enhanced using 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) and triacetin additives. Eight biodiesel–diesel–additive blends containing 20% biodiesel were prepared and tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operating at 1500&#xa0;rpm under loads ranging from 0 to 100%. Experimental results showed that all blends produced higher cylinder pressure and heat release rates than neat diesel, with BL2 (80% diesel + 4% 2-EHN + 16% LZME) exhibiting the highest combustion intensity. Brake thermal efficiency improved for all blends, while brake specific fuel consumption decreased significantly for BL2, BL3, and BL6. Although some blends increased NOx emissions because of elevated combustion temperatures, triacetin-containing blends effectively reduced NOx formation. Taguchi–Fuzzy optimization identified BL6 (80% diesel + 4% triacetin + 16% PKME) as the optimal blend, achieving the highest MPCI value of 0.765 among all tested fuels and providing the best performance–emission–economic trade-off. The findings support the development of cleaner and economically viable biofuel strategies aligned with Sustainable Development Goals SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A fuzzy optimization approach for economic and environmental trade-off analysis of bioethanol blends with 2-EHN and triacetin in DI diesel engines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月12日

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  • Jibitesh Kumar Panda,
  • Anik Goswami,
  • R. Rajan,
  • Navya Sree Seelam,
  • K. Rajesh,
  • Srikanth Vadlamudi,
  • S. P. Samal,
  • Anshuman Das

摘要

Abstract

The rising cost, limited availability, and environmental impacts of conventional diesel have accelerated the search for sustainable alternative fuels. This study investigates the performance, combustion, emission, economic, and optimization characteristics of Leucas Zeylanica Methyl Ester (LZME) and Palm Kernel Methyl Ester (PKME) blended with diesel and enhanced using 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) and triacetin additives. Eight biodiesel–diesel–additive blends containing 20% biodiesel were prepared and tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm under loads ranging from 0 to 100%. Experimental results showed that all blends produced higher cylinder pressure and heat release rates than neat diesel, with BL2 (80% diesel + 4% 2-EHN + 16% LZME) exhibiting the highest combustion intensity. Brake thermal efficiency improved for all blends, while brake specific fuel consumption decreased significantly for BL2, BL3, and BL6. Although some blends increased NOx emissions because of elevated combustion temperatures, triacetin-containing blends effectively reduced NOx formation. Taguchi–Fuzzy optimization identified BL6 (80% diesel + 4% triacetin + 16% PKME) as the optimal blend, achieving the highest MPCI value of 0.765 among all tested fuels and providing the best performance–emission–economic trade-off. The findings support the development of cleaner and economically viable biofuel strategies aligned with Sustainable Development Goals SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Graphical abstract