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<p>Against the backdrop of the "double carbon" strategy and the rapid increase in the adoption of new energy vehicles, electric vehicles have been transitioned from being considered as simply "mechanical vehicles" to being viewed as "energy-information coupling carriers". Alongside this evolution, thermal management has been advanced from singular component temperature regulation to becoming a central system for coordinating energy and safety at the vehicle level. This review systematically elaborated integrated thermal management technology across the entire vehicle system. Initially, the heat generation mechanisms and temperature sensitivities of the battery, electric drive and passenger compartment were analyzed. Furthermore, a comparison of air cooling, liquid cooling and phase change cooling revealed that, liquid cooling was recognized for its efficiency and optimized topology. In terms of component-level strategy, various technical approaches for low temperature preheating and high temperature cooling for power batteries were discussed. Additionally, independent liquid cooling circuits for the electric motor, heat pump air conditioning, and waste heat recovery were highlighted, with an emphasis on the efficient utilization of waste heat to prolong battery life in winter. At the vehicle system level, the ITMS modeled powertrain, HVAC and cabin as one multi-source/multi-load network and optimized operation over all conditions through a three-layer rule–model–learning architecture. Future electric vehicle thermal management systems are expected to evolve toward highly integrated and intelligent architectures, supported by multi-source heat coordination and predictive energy management. Advances in electrification, heat recovery, and renewable-assisted thermal control may further enhance system efficiency and sustainability, enabling more adaptive and energy-efficient vehicle-level thermal regulation. These perspectives provide guidance for the design of next-generation electric vehicle thermal management systems.</p>

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A review of integrated thermal management system for pure electric vehicles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Jianbin Luo,
  • Bin Ma,
  • Xiguang Liang,
  • Tianqiang Liu,
  • Xiaojia Liang,
  • Chunmei Jiang

摘要

Against the backdrop of the "double carbon" strategy and the rapid increase in the adoption of new energy vehicles, electric vehicles have been transitioned from being considered as simply "mechanical vehicles" to being viewed as "energy-information coupling carriers". Alongside this evolution, thermal management has been advanced from singular component temperature regulation to becoming a central system for coordinating energy and safety at the vehicle level. This review systematically elaborated integrated thermal management technology across the entire vehicle system. Initially, the heat generation mechanisms and temperature sensitivities of the battery, electric drive and passenger compartment were analyzed. Furthermore, a comparison of air cooling, liquid cooling and phase change cooling revealed that, liquid cooling was recognized for its efficiency and optimized topology. In terms of component-level strategy, various technical approaches for low temperature preheating and high temperature cooling for power batteries were discussed. Additionally, independent liquid cooling circuits for the electric motor, heat pump air conditioning, and waste heat recovery were highlighted, with an emphasis on the efficient utilization of waste heat to prolong battery life in winter. At the vehicle system level, the ITMS modeled powertrain, HVAC and cabin as one multi-source/multi-load network and optimized operation over all conditions through a three-layer rule–model–learning architecture. Future electric vehicle thermal management systems are expected to evolve toward highly integrated and intelligent architectures, supported by multi-source heat coordination and predictive energy management. Advances in electrification, heat recovery, and renewable-assisted thermal control may further enhance system efficiency and sustainability, enabling more adaptive and energy-efficient vehicle-level thermal regulation. These perspectives provide guidance for the design of next-generation electric vehicle thermal management systems.