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<p>Research interest in fuel blending technologies has grown rapidly as the demand for sustainable energy increases. Although oxygenated fuels offer significant potential for reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution, their unique physicochemical properties pose challenges for atomization and combustion. The blending of biofuel with conventional fuel is a practical way to enhance combustion efficiency and decrease emissions of internal combustion engines. Blended fuels change many of the key fuel properties, including viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, cetane number, oxygen content, and lower heating value. These properties directly influence the process of spray penetration, droplet size, evaporation, air–fuel mixing, ignition delay, heat release process, and pollutant formation. However, most of the previous reviews have been focused on fuel properties, atomization, combustion, and emission separately without a good integration between them. This review focuses on the correlation between fuel blending, spray atomization, combustion characteristics, and emissions. The conventional and advanced fuel blends such as: biodiesel, alcohol fuels, hydrogen-enriched fuels, co-solvent-assisted fuels, and nanoparticle-based fuels, are discussed. The review also combines technical results, the bibliometric patterns, and correlation interpretation of the results, to establish the main research themes and the new directions of the research. It has been shown in the literature that optimized blending can help to enhance the atomization quality, increase combustion stability, and reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, soot, smoke, and particulate matter. But there are still challenges with nitrogen oxides control, long-term blend stability, phase separation, injector deposits, material compatibility, fuel system durability, and combustion instabilities. Further studies are needed on the advanced design of the atomizers, predictive modeling, stable multi-component blends, and optimization of the fuel–engine system for sustainable combustion and reduction of emissions to cleaner and more efficient combustion systems.</p>

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Fuel blending effects on spray atomization, combustion characteristics, and emission formation in internal combustion engines: an integrated review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Utpal Madhu,
  • Sudipta Nath,
  • Pritam Kumar Das,
  • Jitendra Patra,
  • Subham Pankaj Samantaray

摘要

Research interest in fuel blending technologies has grown rapidly as the demand for sustainable energy increases. Although oxygenated fuels offer significant potential for reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution, their unique physicochemical properties pose challenges for atomization and combustion. The blending of biofuel with conventional fuel is a practical way to enhance combustion efficiency and decrease emissions of internal combustion engines. Blended fuels change many of the key fuel properties, including viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, cetane number, oxygen content, and lower heating value. These properties directly influence the process of spray penetration, droplet size, evaporation, air–fuel mixing, ignition delay, heat release process, and pollutant formation. However, most of the previous reviews have been focused on fuel properties, atomization, combustion, and emission separately without a good integration between them. This review focuses on the correlation between fuel blending, spray atomization, combustion characteristics, and emissions. The conventional and advanced fuel blends such as: biodiesel, alcohol fuels, hydrogen-enriched fuels, co-solvent-assisted fuels, and nanoparticle-based fuels, are discussed. The review also combines technical results, the bibliometric patterns, and correlation interpretation of the results, to establish the main research themes and the new directions of the research. It has been shown in the literature that optimized blending can help to enhance the atomization quality, increase combustion stability, and reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, soot, smoke, and particulate matter. But there are still challenges with nitrogen oxides control, long-term blend stability, phase separation, injector deposits, material compatibility, fuel system durability, and combustion instabilities. Further studies are needed on the advanced design of the atomizers, predictive modeling, stable multi-component blends, and optimization of the fuel–engine system for sustainable combustion and reduction of emissions to cleaner and more efficient combustion systems.