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<p>This study investigates the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the performance, combustion, and emission parameters of a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with soapnut biodiesel blend with iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles. Hydrogen was introduced at controlled flow rates to accelerate combustion kinetics, and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles enhanced fuel reactivity through catalytic effects. Experimental results under varying load conditions showed that the thermal efficiency increased by 4.71–10.77% and fuel consumption decreased by 1.21–10.46% compared with diesel. Combustion analysis revealed higher cylinder pressure (70.98&#xa0;bar) and heat release rate (47.67&#xa0;J/°CA), representing increases of 1.47% and 19.63% over diesel, respectively. Emission analysis demonstrated significant decrease in carbon monoxide (28.98–33.33%) and smoke opacity (8.79–14.66%), although nitrogen oxides rose due to higher cylinder temperatures and rapid flame propagation associated with hydrogen addition. The fit regression model developed for predictive analysis achieved excellent accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.998) with low RMSE and MAPE, confirming strong consistency with the experimental results. Overall, the findings indicate that hydrogen-assisted Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanofuels can improve CI engine efficiency while reducing major carbon-related emissions offering a promising pathway toward cleaner and more sustainable diesel engine applications.</p>

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Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle-enriched soapnut biodiesel with hydrogen: experimental and predictive assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • M. Srinivasarao,
  • A. Swarna Kumari,
  • Ch. Srinivasarao

摘要

This study investigates the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the performance, combustion, and emission parameters of a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with soapnut biodiesel blend with iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Hydrogen was introduced at controlled flow rates to accelerate combustion kinetics, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles enhanced fuel reactivity through catalytic effects. Experimental results under varying load conditions showed that the thermal efficiency increased by 4.71–10.77% and fuel consumption decreased by 1.21–10.46% compared with diesel. Combustion analysis revealed higher cylinder pressure (70.98 bar) and heat release rate (47.67 J/°CA), representing increases of 1.47% and 19.63% over diesel, respectively. Emission analysis demonstrated significant decrease in carbon monoxide (28.98–33.33%) and smoke opacity (8.79–14.66%), although nitrogen oxides rose due to higher cylinder temperatures and rapid flame propagation associated with hydrogen addition. The fit regression model developed for predictive analysis achieved excellent accuracy (R2 > 0.998) with low RMSE and MAPE, confirming strong consistency with the experimental results. Overall, the findings indicate that hydrogen-assisted Fe3O4 nanofuels can improve CI engine efficiency while reducing major carbon-related emissions offering a promising pathway toward cleaner and more sustainable diesel engine applications.